Telecommunication System Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Telecommunication System Engineering. Answer: System Engineering: Basics of the system engineering utilizes system thinking to organize whole knowledge. Some critical issues like requirements engineering, coordination among team members, logistics, testing, reliability, maintainability and many such disciplines are necessary for system design, development, and implementation [1]. System engineering defines work processes to optimize the methods. It provides risk management strategies and tools for projects. System engineering might overlap with human centered disciplines like manufacturing engineering, project management, industrial engineering, control engineering or software engineering. System engineering is not a manufacturing process, it is more likely a discovery process to deploy efficient methods. A manufacturing process is mainly focused on repetitive activities to achieve high quality products with minimum resources. Whereas system engineering process starts with discovering real problems which needs to be resolved and identifies impact o f failures to cause loss. System engineering helps to identify problem and then provides solutions for those problems. System Efficiency and Reliability: System efficiency and reliability are important aspects of any software system in the organization. Organization depends on these aspects for continuous delivery of the services. There are many effective ways to make this happen. These are: Clean data: Data is required for most of the applications. Insufficient and incorrect data will create trouble instead of generating outputs. Wrong data may result in wrong interpretation or wrong information. Clean data will give accurate and reliable results. Defines Processes: Software might have fixed processes which needs to be repeat for different purposes. Defining these processes according to the requirement of the system is required. All the process will not fir the system. These processes need to be modified whenever required[2]. Security: System security is most important concern for any organization. Communication over internet may be a risky affair for a content sensitive company. If company wants to keep its information confidential, it must secure the system with latest updates software or firewalls. Information access: Information should be easily accessible to the authorized users. It should not be a complex process to get any relevant information from the system. Maintenance and Adaptation: Regular maintenance of the system is required to repair any loss of system capability or information. It can be done through documentation or through automatic software checkers. Public Switched Telephone Network (pstn): PSTN is used to meet requirements of offices, organizations or individuals to transmit telephone messages all across country. It can also be provided international access. System will be provided interconnection of private networks and access to PSTN which will be according to present requirements. PSTN supports the data transmission, e-mail and messages to cross point switches when corresponding equipment is used at terminal [3]. PSTN is designed to enable two way voice communication. Enabling a connection between two points was as simple as placing a normal wire between the two points. Cost of this connection depended on the distance between the locations and the distance of end users from each other. With increase in distance, cost increases and accessibility decreases. Telephony network developed with the time and now more users can be connected through each other. Earlier only one user could be connected to a single user with the point-to-point connections over telephone network architecture. Network engineers developed a network to interconnect large number of devices by placing switching equipment at central locations. This was called Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It is focused on circuits used in network. It is a connection oriented system for delivering only one service which is voice. In this system, each network user require to set up a call-setup to both the points which needs to be connected. It reserves the resources along the path for two way communication. This allows the network operator to route and bill the calls by identifying every step of call path and it also manages the switching system network. PSTN arranges the network offices in hierarchical stages according to the function they perform and employ trunk lines between network switches. It can scale up the tele-communication network to accommodate many end users. By doing this, it can manage the traffic between switch offices depending on which switch needs to be connected. It identifies the traffic as local traffic, international traffic or long distance traffic. PSTN operates on a link to link basis. Each switch forwards the traffic in a hierarchy towards link or hop to nex t PSTN based on call setups [4]. Digital Microwave Radio Systems: Microwave transmission is information or energy transmission by electromagnetic waves. Wavelength of these waves is measure in centimeters. Range of wavelength is from 1 Gigahertz to 300Gigahertz. These waves are used for point to point communication. Small wavelength is used conveniently for small sized antennas to direct it in narrow beams which can easily be pointed out to receiving antenna. Therefore nearby microwaves can use same frequencies without interfering with other devices or communications. This is the problem with lower frequency radio waves. Another big advantage of this is that high frequency waves give band large information carrying capacity without distortion [6]. This has the bandwidth 30times of all other radio spectrums. But there is limitation too and which constraints it to line of sight propagation only. These waves cant be passed across the hills or mountains but lower frequency waves can be easily passed through these obstacles. Microwave transmission is mostly used for point to point communication on the plane surface of earth, in space radio communication or also in satellite communication. It is also used for radio navigations, radio astronomy, radars and sensory systems. There is a higher part of radio electromagnetic spectrum which is above 30 GHz and below 100GHz, these are called millimeter waves. These radio waves in this band limit can be highly attenuated by atmosphere and particles at earth.at wider frequency band, radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric molecular oxygen. Electronic technologies used in millimeter band are difficult to utilize than microwave band [7]. There are two types information transmission: One-way or two way transmission through communication satellite Terrestrial microwave telecommunication Digital Radio Transmitter Digital radio transmitter takes baseband waves and translates them into a waveform which can be effectively transmitted by channel. Before this transmission to radio frequency from baseband, waveform is digitized to gain the advantages of digital modulation. Coding is also used to efficiently use the available bandwidth by minimizing the interference and noise introduced by the channel. This coded signal is filtered and changed to analog waveform which is then converted to desired frequency transmission [8]. At last, RF signal is amplified after filtration and then transmitted from antenna. Digital Radio Receiver: It can be implemented in many ways with certain components in all receivers. It should be able to extract RF signal in presence of potential interference. There is a pre-selector filter which is most important part of the receiver. It attenuates signals which are out of band while receiving from antenna. Low noise amplifier is used to boost desired signals while ignoring noise of radio signal. A mixer is installed to down covert RF signal to intermediate frequency by collaborating local oscillator with RF signal. Unwanted components of the frequency are attenuated using IF filter. All the variations at the receiver are manifested by themselves at receiver. Microwave Link Design: Link design start with link budget analysis. Radio system has a gain which depends on radio design and used modulation. Gain at each antenna are supplementary to this gain. Higher gains are possible from large antennas. Free space loss is subtracted from system when radio signal travels over the air. Loss is higher with longer links. This energy can be absorbed by rain or other environmental factors. Rain can cause outage if sufficient energy is absorbed which cause receiver to lose the signal. Radio link engineering to accommodate these rain attenuated effects is based on global rain models. These models are derived from attenuation combined with meteorological observations. The resulted fade margins are calculated. Anything in this margin can be overcome by the radio signal, if margin exceeds then the link will go down. Path Profile: It is a graphical representation of path of the radio waves between two end point links. It determines height of antenna and its location at each link end. It tries to get link free of obstructions like hills and multipath reflections. Link endpoints should have unobstructed line of sight radio waves. Frequency of microwave is lower than visible light, because of this it behave differently in environmental conditions. It require more clear way than line of sight way to accommodate microwave signal characteristics. Electromagnetic waves do not travel on straight path. It spreads as it propagates. Individual signal does not travel at same velocity. A French scientist divided the wave paths in different zones according to their speed and phase of wave propagation. Sizes of these Fresnel zones vary according to radio signal frequency and path length [5]. Fresnel zone size increases with decrease in frequency and increase in path length. Radius of Fresnel zone is maximum when signal is at mid of path. Therefore, midpoint needs most clearance in path than any other point. Calculation of Free Space Loss (FSL): It is the expected attenuation in a signal while its travel away from transmitting device. Signal spread over larger distance while radiating from an antenna. Power density decreases with increasing area covered which deteriorates the radio signal. FSL = 32.44 + 20lgF + 20lgD F is frequency in MHz and D is distance between endpoints of link in Km. Fade Margin: It is the difference between receiver sensitivity threshold and un-faded receive signal. Every link should have enough fade margin to keep it secure from path fading which deteriorates radio signals. Fade margin works as an insurance against system outages. It is related to link availability which is calculated as percentage of time when link was functional. This percentage increases with increase in fade margin. A link will have fewer system outages with larger fade margins. Link which have no fade margin or little fade margin might experience interrupted outages because of path fading phenomena. Climate Conditions Affecting Path Fading: Path fading increases in worse climatic conditions like flat or humid environment, dry or rough location. Link in flat or humid areas need larger fade margin to achieve better link availability. Climatic conditions like maritime temperature, coastal or humid temperature, sub-tropic climate, high dry mountains climate should be taken into considerations while calculating link availability performance [9]. Cost and operations of the telecom system depends on the requirements of the company. Cost can be adjusted based on the quality requirements and the distance between communicating devices. Maintenance cost is negligible in this system, although installation cost can be very high depending on geographical and environmental conditions. Bibliography: [1] P. . Fontolliet, "Telecommunication system engineering," Signal Processing, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 107, Apr. 2011. [2 J. M. Griffiths, "Telecommunication system engineering," Electronics and Power, vol. 26, no. 9, p. 750, 2010. [3] H. J. Kim, "Suitability of IP telephony in the public switched telephone network (PSTN)," International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3956, 2007. [4] R. Frieden, "The mixed blessing of a Deregulatory Endpoint for the public switched telephone network," SSRN Electronic Journal, vol. 2, 2008. [5] M. C. S. Young and P. M. Grant, "Reduction of multipath propagation effects in microwave digital radio communication systems," Electronics Communications Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 4, 1990. [6] L. J. Stagg, "High-capacity digital microwave radio systems," IEE Journal on Microwaves, Optics and Acoustics, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, 2006. [7] K. Watanabe, S. Uwano, and H. Matsue, "Pre-interference canceller for digital microwave radio systems," Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications), vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 103114, Jun. 2005. [8] I. Flood and D. Bacon, "Towards more spectrally efficient frequency assignment for microwave fixed links," International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 147, 2006. [9] A. D. Sarma, M. V. S. N. Prasad, and B. Balakrishna, "Significance of rain induced Attenuation and Multipath in the design of digital microwave links," IETE Technical Review, vol. 12, no. 5-6, pp. 359373, Sep. 1995.

Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma Essay Example

Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma Essay MBA Program Summer Semester 2010 MGT506: Strategic Management School of Business United International University Dhaka Bangladesh 2010 Table of Content Topic Page 01. Historical Background03 02. Company profile03 03. Organizational Structure03 04. Market Scenario04 05. Business level Strategy Pursued05 06. Relationship between Business Level Strategy and Performance06 07. SWOT Analysis07 08. Possible Measures to Improve Performance08 Historical Background Beximco Pharma is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the Beximco Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. The firm started operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of Bayer AG of Germany and Upjohn Inc. of USA and now have grown to become nations one of the leading pharmaceutical companies, supplying more than 10% of countrys total medicine need. Today Beximco Pharma manufactures and markets its own `branded generics for almost all diseases from AIDS to cancer, from infection to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes for both national and international markets. Company Profile Beximco Pharma manufactures a range of dosage forms including tablets, capsules, dry syrup, powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, large volume intravenous fluids, metered dose inhalers etc. in several world-class manufacturing plants, ensuring high quality standards complying with the World Health Organization (WHO) approved current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They also contract manufacture for major international brands of leading multinational companies. Organizational Structure BPL is completely governed and maintained by a corporate body. The chief of the organization is the Chief Executive Officer and the total operation is divided into Marketing, Sales, Commercial, Manufacturing, Finance and Accounting, Product Planning, Business Research and Development, and MIS departments each supervised by a director. Directors of the departments report directly to the CEO. Bearing the demands of dynamic environment in mind BPL designed its organizational structure as highly adaptive and flexible. It is a Learning Organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt and change. In BPL employees are highly trained and empowered to handle diverse job activities and problems. They have minimal formalization with narrow span of control. The organizational members share information openly and collaborate on work activities. For internal communication, BPL follows a strictly formalized Intranet based electronic communication system as well as informal verbal communication. For external communication BPL uses both internet based electronic communication and an array of printed communication material. All the external communications are supervised, mostly by Director, Marketing and in some cases by Director, Sales. Market Scenario In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors which is contributing in the countrys economy. The national companies account for more than 65% of the pharmaceutical business in Bangladesh. Except Beximco Pharma other leading companies are Square Pharma, Incepta Pharmaceuticals. Navana Pharma Ltd. , Opsonin Chemical Industries Ltd. , Aventis Pharma Ltd. Etc. Among them Square Pharma is the market leader at this moment. BPL follows Square Pharma at the 2nd position. The analysis of the two company’s financial data shows that for the year 2007-2008 gross profit of BPL was 1,629,514,837(BDT) and Square Pharma was 3,401,781,806 (BDT) . There are a number of reasons why BPL could not beat Square Pharma for the first position. The most relevant of them are stated here. ? Fewer Markets Served: Square Pharma serves a larger market than BPL while BPL concentrates on market focus. For example, unlike Square Pharma BPL does not do business in the credit market. They only serve the premium market. ? Producing Injectables: Again BPL does not manufacture or market Injectables where this is a huge market. In contrast, Square Pharma has a range of 44 injectables and has sold 28,289,000 units in the year 2007-2008. ? Product Range: BPL has a fewer range of products than Square Pharma does. BPL manufactures only over 300 products in comparison to Square Pharma’s over 500 products. In international market the main competitors for pharmaceutical companies in our country are India and China. The challenge faced in open market competition is the scarcity and unavailability of raw materials in local market. So, companies in our country have to import these materials from abroad (India, China and a few countries from Europe) at high price. Besides, the privileges of being LDC as a result of the Patent Law will no longer be in effect after 2015. Business level Strategy Pursued Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company is acclaimed for its outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. Beximco Pharma is the pioneer in pharmaceutical export from Bangladesh and has received National Export Trophy (Gold), the highest national accolade for export, for record three times. Beximco Pharma has adopted several Business Level Strategies regarding growth and market focus with the view to achieving organizational goals. As Growth Strategy BPL have decided to enter into nine new international markets in Asia, Middle East, Pacific Islands, Africa and Central America and have registered 107 products in different markets. Besides, BPL signed a Long Term Arrangement with the Global Supply Division of UNICEF (Denmark) to supply 60,000 units CFC free metered dose inhaler product over a two year contract period. During the first quarter of 2008, BPL has entered into 3 new international markets- namely, Afghanistan, Kiribati and Solomon Islands. Their Short Term plan to build facility to manufacture Small Volume Parenterals (SVP), Opthalmic and Nebulizer Solutions has progressed as scheduled. They are planning to commence marketing of these products by first quarter of 2009. Their strategic strengths include strong recognition of brands, highly skilled work force and diversified business mix. Their two brands Neoceptin R (Ranitidine) and Napa (Paracetamol) are the top two selling brands in the Bangladesh Pharmaceutical market. Relationship between Business Level Strategy and Performance Beximco Pharma (BPL) is a leading edge pharmaceutical company is acclaimed for its outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. Its strategic strengths include strong recognition of brands, highly skilled work force and diversified business mix. Being a Learning Organization the core essence of Beximco Pharma is its entrepreneurial spirit in every sphere of its management. In this spirit, the tasks of each managerial function are carried out through Management by Objective approach. The recipient of three times `gold national export trophy, Beximco Pharma is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh. They are the only pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh received this highest national accolade for export, for record three times. They market their brands through their own professional sales and marketing teams in African, South Asian and other markets. The firm also supply products to renowned hospitals and institutions in many countries, including Raffles Hospital and K K Women Childrens Hospital in Singapore, MEDS and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya, Jinnah Hospital, Agha Khan Hospital and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital in Pakistan. Beximco Pharma is also an enlisted supplier of World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. Beximco Pharma has a strong market focus and is anticipating continued future growth by leveraging business capabilities and developing superior product brands and markets. In particular they are very interested in developing a strong export market in USA and Europe. To meet the future demand they have invested over US 50 million dollar to build a new state-of-the-art manufacturing plant, confirming to USFDA and UK MHRA standards. This new plant will also offer contract-manufacturing facility to leading pharmaceutical companies, especially from Europe and US. Business level strategies developed by BPL help them to earn competitive advantage through quality products, superior services, and outstanding customer relationship. Innovation strategies have been the key to their success both in product differentiation and in product promotion. BPL had been the first-mover to bring Marketing Approach rather than traditional Selling Approach in local pharmaceuticals industry. BPL also believes in Focus Strategy and concentrates on a particular segment of the market. They strive to retain existing customers as well as to attract new ones. BPL has developed unique customer service through their Unbiased Medical Service. BPL has also developed superior human resource for earning competitive advantage in the market. Swot Analysis Strength Employee Empowerment Capability to Bring Innovation product differentiation Outstanding Product Quality World Class Professional Service Weakness Insufficient Working Capital Not Operating in Low Cost Market. Opportunities Ability to Retain Growth market Focus In difficult Operating Situations Ability to Exploit Opportunities of Patent Law as an LDC in International Market. Threat Strong Competitors in Domestic International Market. Political Instability Government International Regulations. Rising Trend of Material Price Possible Measures to Improve Performance Any organization is deeply effected by its environment. The macro political and economic environment of our country is so full of uncertainty that the managers of business organizations of Bangladesh face very difficult challenges to cope with the ever changing situations. The biggest challenge for the managers in the pharmaceuticals industry is the competition. Bangladesh is now self dependent in the pharmaceuticals the political and economic instability there are other factors like international and domestic laws and regulations, rising trend of material price, high rate of inflation, obsolete technology, increased security problem, dire country image etc which effect the job of managers in our country most. Bangladesh can substantially increase pharmaceuticals export if the government extends support to local producers after this year when WTO rules on pharmaceuticals for developed and developing nations comes into effect. From the next year, the developing countries will lose their patent rights to sell products. The main challenge for Beximco Pharma is now to bring down production cost to offer medicines in the international market at a competitive price. For this, raw materials must be produced locally. Producing countries will lose their rights to sell pharmaceutical ingredients at current prices after 2004 due to the WTO rules. However, the least developed countries do not have to provide any patent protection for pharmaceuticals until 2016 as the WTO has extended the deadline only for them through Trips (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). In the changed scenario, prices of ingredients will increase significantly, so countries will certainly loss their export markets. At present Bangladesh imports 80 percent of total raw materials required for the industry. Of the requirement, 70 percent comes from India while the rest comes from China, England, Switzerland, Germany and Malaysia. Countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Uganda have a huge pharmaceuticals market for Bangladesh. At present, Bangladesh is exporting pharmaceutical products to over 50 countries of the world. The major markets for Bangladeshs pharmaceutical exports include Korea, Brazil, the Netherlands, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Yemen, USA, India, South Africa, Ukraine, Vietnam, Kenya, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia and Hong Kong. To be successful, relentless contribution and dedication of the organizations management is very much needed. To compete in international as well as in local market in adverse situation the managers work has become much more difficult in today’s ever changing business environment. Developing plans in a dynamic situation demands critical analysis of the situation and strict adhering to the core principal of the organization. As Beximco Pharma is decentralized organization and core values are cherished by everyone within the organization, operating in dynamic situation is easier than it seems. The pharmaceutical industry in this country is undoubtedly one of the most promising industries. However, the industry is not operating without any problems. This part of the report states the possible steps that could be taken to mitigate the gravity of the difficulties that threat the industry. As one of the leading pharmaceutical company Beximco Pharma also faces these problems that are bar to achieve organizational goals effectively. To sort out these problems here some suggestions are recommended. Coping with Instable Economic State: To cope with the ever changing economic environment, the management of BPL should always be watchful and should constantly analyze the organization’s overall environment. As a learning organization BPL should keep their practices of flexibility to encourage innovation for the times of much needed change. Again, as Government is going to pass a new version of law, involving the pharmaceutical industry Beximco Pharma should prepare their arrangements to cope with the coming changed business environment. Handling Competitions: Since, BPL’s business strategy is to focus on particular segments of the total market they should be operating with the view to becoming the market leader of those areas. In the mean time, they should look forward to grow their business as much as possible both in national and international market. Negotiating with the Government: In order to ensure more prospects in the import and export activities of raw materials Beximco needs to negotiate to adjust several business laws and regulations with the Government. Such approach can be proved as a benefit of the company. Market Diversification: After 2015, privileges as LCD regarding Patent Act will expire. So BPL must get ready to compete in a more challenging situation in the international market where, India will be the biggest contestant. BPL will have to concentrate on the Generic medicines that are the products that are produced in mass scale and marketed by several companies under different brand name, where the formulation of this product is almost same. Prices of the products are under this category are competitive. Bangladesh mainly concentrates on this category, as labor cost is one of the lowest in the world. Again, Beximco pharma can operate on off-patent products as after years of business the formulations of Patent Medicines are sold in the market so that others can go into mass production. Thus the company can take a better position by maximizing profit in an open market economical condition. Conclusion In recent highly competitive medicine manufacturing sector, streamlined operations and effective business relations are essential. To improve information exchange with its many partners, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. decided to introduce leading-edge supplier and customer relationship management capabilities.

Sociology Research Essay

Sociology Research Essay Sociology Research Essay Cassandra M Nagy- Palmieri I See Research December 13, 2014 This article is a report of new research which is established by doing a survey on both members of 430 couples in different regions of Turkey and vary between different ages as well. Level of education is associated with exposure to individualistic western values; therefore, it may inï ¬â€šuence measures associated with marriage. We know the type of the article by reading about the procedure that had done and the way they had done it, and also they included results and discussions that came after the survey was completed. The article is studying the married couple relationship in Turkey in both type of marriage, the traditional way and the couples who got married after a love story. The Turkish families are described by a high level of correlation and communication between marital pairs and families of origin. Usually, husbands are expected to be older and the one how dominate the household. Male power and masculinity stereotypy are dependable with both Islamic views and with the tr adition of Turkic cultures. .Educational level was positively related to men’s involvement to housework, women’s satisfaction with division of labor and frequency of women’s visits with friends, men’s and women’s level of feelings for spouse and it was negatively related to frequency of visits with relatives and enmeshment with families of origin. However, educational level was not signiï ¬ cantly correlated to number of conï ¬â€šicts between couples The results of the study revealed that family and couple-initiated marriages differed with respect to feelings for partner, married functioning, and feelings for families of origin. In general, couple-initiated marriages appeared to be associated with more positive spousal emotions, fewer conï ¬â€šicts, more equalitarian division of labor, and emotional distance from the families of origin. The results revealed also that the male in most cases was the one who make decision in the house especially when it comes to family and kids issues. This results was obtained by subtracting wife effectiveness from husband effectiveness when it comes to decisions making. But at the same time the found that there is no signiï ¬ cant effects connecting marriage style with respect to interaction frequency with diverse network areas. The tables in the article show numerically the results which explain the conclusion of the study. This article fits in the field of sociology because it is describing the culture and gender roles in Turkic families’ lives. It also shows the powerful effect of culture on the behavior of men and women regardless if the marriage was traditional or romantic. Also, it shows that

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch Although it didnt boast as wide an array of prehistoric mammals as the epochs that succeeded it, the Paleocene was notable for being the geologic stretch of time immediately following the extinction of the dinosaurswhich opened up vast ecological niches for surviving mammals, birds, reptiles and marine animals. The Paleocene was the first epoch of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), the other two being the Eocene (56-34 million years ago) and Oligocene (34-23 million years ago); all these periods and epochs were themselves part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and geography. The first few hundred years of the Paleocene epoch comprised the dark, frigid aftermath of the K/T Extinction, when an astronomical impact on the Yucatan peninsula raised enormous clouds of dust that obscured the sun worldwide. By the end of the Paleocene, however, the global climate had recovered, and was nearly as warm and muggy as it had been during the preceding Cretaceous period. The northern supercontinent of Laurasia had yet to completely break apart into North America and Eurasia, but the giant continent Gondwana in the south was already well on its way to separating into Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia. Terrestrial Life During the Paleocene Epoch Mammals. Contrary to popular belief, mammals didnt suddenly appear on the planet after the dinosaurs went extinct; small, mouselike mammals coexisted with dinosaurs as far back as the Triassic period (at least one mammalian genus, Cimexomys, actually straddled the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary). The mammals of the Paleocene epoch werent much larger than their predecessors, and only barely hinted at the forms they would later attain: for example, the distant elephant ancestor Phosphatherium only weighed about 100 pounds, and Plesidadapis was an extremely early, extremely small primate. Frustratingly, most mammals of the Paleocene epoch are known only by their teeth, rather than well-articulated fossils. Birds. If you were somehow transported back in time to the Paleocene epoch, you might be forgiven for concluding that birds, rather than mammals, were destined to inherit the earth. During the late Paleocene, the fearsome predator Gastornis (once known as Diatryma) terrorized the small mammals of Eurasia, while the very first terror birds, equipped with hatchet-like beaks, began to evolve in South America. Perhaps not surprisingly, these birds resembled small meat-eating dinosaurs, as they evolved to fill that suddenly vacant ecological niche. Reptiles. Paleontologists still arent sure why crocodiles managed to survive the K/T Extinction, while their closely related dinosaur brethren bit the dust. In any case, prehistoric crocodiles continued to flourish during the Paleocene epoch, as did snakesas evidenced by the truly enormous Titanoboa, which measured about 50 feet from head to tail and may have weighed more than a ton. Some turtles, too, attained giant sizes, as witness Titanoboas contemporary in the swamps of South America, the one-ton Carbonemys. Marine Life During the Paleocene Epoch Dinosaurs werent the only reptiles that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Mosasaurs, the fierce, sleek marine predators, also disappeared from the worlds oceans, along with the last straggling remnants of plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. Filling the niches vacated by these voracious reptilian predators were prehistoric sharks, which had existed for hundreds of millions of years but now had the room to evolve to truly impressive sizes. The teeth of the prehistoric shark Otodus, for example, are a common find in Paleocene and Eocene sediments. Plant Life During the Paleocene Epoch A huge number of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic, were destroyed in the K/T Extinction, victims of the enduring lack of sunlight (not only did these plants succumb to darkness, but so did the herbivorous animals that fed on the plants and the carnivorous animals that fed on the herbivorous animals). The Paleocene epoch witnessed the very first cactuses and palm trees, as well as a resurgence of ferns, which were no longer harassed by plant-munching dinosaurs. As in preceding epochs, much of the world was covered by thick, green jungles and forests, which thrived in the heat and humidity of the late Paleocene climate. Next: the Eocene Epoch

Air legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Air legislation - Essay Example The center of gravity of an aircraft is its central imaginary point where it would balance when suspended. This point is important because it helps to determine an aircraft’s elevator effectiveness and stability and has an effect on the aircraft’s performance. For a successful flight the center of gravity should always fall within the stated limits provided by the aircraft’s manufacturer. These limits are the stated lateral and longitudinal limits where the center of gravity an aircraft must be situated during flight and is indicated in the aircraft’s manual. A change in the aircraft’s forward center of gravity increases the stability and the aircraft behaves as if it is heavier. This makes the aircraft to resist movement to outside forces. With the forward movement of the center of gravity, the aircraft is heavier on the nose. Change of the center of gravity from its required forward limit makes the elevator to be unable to hold its nose up especia lly during takeoff, landing and power-off glides. Performance of the aircraft decreases with a forward center of gravity. This creates a greater downward power on the aircraft’s tail needed to maintain the level cruising flight. This makes the aircraft to soar at a greater angle of attack which leads to a higher indicated stall speed and a more drag. An aft change of the center of gravity decreases the aircraft’s stability because the aircraft becomes more unstable as the center of gravity moves to the aft. This is because the elevator has a short arm distance from the center of gravity and therefore it needs a more deflection to produce an equal result. Stall recovery is almost impossible as the aircraft’s tendency to pitch down has been reduced. Moving the center of gravity beyond the aft limit makes the stall and spin recovery difficult. Change of the aft center of

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company Law - Essay Example The specail committee has approved the payment of ?2 million as the consultation fees to Harry for effectively maneuvering acquisition of Durmstrang Ltd.At this juncture, we have to see the powers of such committees. If the main board has delegated the power to the committee to fix any amount as the consultation fees to any director without any ceiling, then the decision of such committee need not to be ratified by the main board. However , if the main board has not delegated the power to such a special committee to decide about any consultation fee to be paid to any director but only can make a recommendation to the main board and then, the main board has the final authority to accept or reject such a recommendation. In such scenario, as the main board has disapproved such payment, then the consultation fees paid to Harry has to be repaid to the company. However , it should be noted that taking Harry’s efforts in successfully handling such merger as it has added value to the company , it is suggested that Board should take into consideration before making any refusal to pay compensation as recommended by a special committee. ... y, is interested in a future business arrangement or transaction, he has the duty to divulge his extent and nature of his interest to other directors or to the Board2. S 177 also requires that the disclosure should be made to the company well before the start of such business arrangement or transaction3. Further, a director is expected that he is aware of the issues of which he ought to be known reasonably on such business transaction4. A director is bound to disclose his interest’s of another person also, if such other person’s interest tantamount to an indirect or a direct interest on the part of such director5. A director should divulge his interest when he ought practically conscious of the conflicting interest in any business transaction6. Further, the general rule as prescribed in s 175(1) restricts unauthorised clash of personal interest of directors with that of the company but not in duty to the company as decided in the case Bray v. Ford7 . In IDC v Cooley (19 72), it was held that Cooley was accountable only for not divulging a business opportunity when getting a sanction to pursue a new business, had the company itself might have seized the opportunity had it known previously8. In IDC v, Cooley case ,when a director who has received any information even in his private capacity but has only one capacity that it is in his capacity as director such information is being received . It was held in Bhullar v Bhullar9 that the infringement of duty emanates from the failure to exchange any relevant information to the company. The appellants were under an onus to divulge the necessary information to the company. (Mantysaari 2005:187). In Gardner v Parker10 , it was held that where the director had not divulged his interest in any business transaction, then such

Original Writing Essay Example for Free

Original Writing Essay I am the princess awaiting rescue in the quiet corner of the ballroom. I stand silently gathering dust in the shadows, grinning with gapped black and white teeth. The pungent odour of rising damp impregnates the air. Lonely and deserted by the warm affectionate hands I once knew and loved, shudders trace the length of my now slackened strings. I can still feel the faint, muffled trembling in my worn hammers of a serene piano concerto. I remain here reminiscing of times gone by; dreaming about rhapsodies of the great composers, sonatas with their heartbreaking refrains casting their sweet melodies out into the hearts of my listeners. I held the power to move people and touch their very souls. My waltzes floated dreamily like a single cloud in a clear blue sky drifting peacefully into the distance. I look back on my past at all the things I have experienced: my debut in the grand concert hall, the first time I felt the touch of his hands pounding passionately on my keys, I remember shaking with nerves as the critics watched and listened attentively, waiting for mistakes. We, my old friend and I, had travelled the length and breadth of the country together enchanting audiences with our music. Each week we would embark on another journey to take us to a new hall, each as grand as the last. The venues with their elegant, majestic decor were visited only by the noble and wealthy people in society. It felt fantastic to be associated with the upper class. They were women who could afford to wear the most opulent of gowns made with the finest silks, taffetas velvets and brocades; all of which were accompanied with stoles derived from the best pelts of fur that money could buy- the most popular of which being mink, ermine and fox. Their partners, of course, were dressed just as magnificently in their white tie evening suits. They looked somewhat like penguins in their expensive attire. I often wondered if it was the actual music they had come to listen to or just an excuse to show off their prosperity; the value of their wives jewellery alone could well have paid a kings ransom! How I miss the anticipation and the adulation that each concert brought; the scores of fans applauding and cheering for an encore for which we jumped at the chance! We would play for ages after the scheduled end of the show; this was my favourite part of the performance because we always made an unforgettable exit! We amazed crowds like this every night; they all loved us and our music. But, as the saying goes, all good things must come to an end. The popularity of such grand events began to dwindle; the new recordings brought the great concertos into ones front room. Peoples leisure time was spent in the comfort of their own homes and they much preferred to spend their evenings at the newly developed moving pictures. Then came the Great War. All the men were sent away to foreign lands to fight for their country. War, as they say, can be a great leveller; a rich man can be killed with a bullet just as easily as a poor man. Peoples priorities altered, it wasnt thought to be patriotic to flaunt ones wealth as had been done before. Nobody came to watch our shows: there was no one to escort the ladies, and they no longer felt the need to show their prosperity. Our shows were all cancelled. We were no longer needed; no longer wanted. It broke his heart knowing that we could no longer perform together. Not long afterwards, he went bankrupt. He lost everything: his house, his livelihood, his possessions; and me. I was devastated, how could I cope without him to love and comfort me? Who could be there for me? Most importantly, what would happen to him? I was so confused, my life had been turned upside down and I didnt know if Id manage. I knew he loved and cherished me, and the last thing he wanted to do was sell me, but he found himself in financial dire straits. He did what he had to do and I cant condemn him for that. Nobody said that life should be fair. As the day of the auction loomed the atmosphere in the house was fraught. Complete strangers rummaged ruthlessly through all that was dear to him. The workmen pulled apart his home and left nothing behind. They had no respect for his privacy or his dignity. All his worldly goods were auctioned to satisfy his creditors. The items were sold for a pittance. I was sold there and violently shoved inside a small white transit van. It was not quite the transport I had become accustomed to, but I didnt really have a choice in the matter. I made my final journey to where I am today; isolated here in the corner, being tortured by incompetent, untrained and inept hands, making a tuneless drone where once beautiful melodies had been played. I hope one day my prince will come rescue me from the depths of my despair; stuck here in this cold, damp dining room fully exposed to the gales blowing through the open window. I long for the caress of someone who truly understands my worth; and I can only hope that someone can appreciate me half as much as my friend did. I resign myself to the fact that I am no longer the youthful princess awaiting my prince, but a dowager condemned to a life of solitude. I now realise that life doesnt always go the way you plan. I will always miss him but losing him has made me appreciate all the happy times we spent together and all the fond memories we share. 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