The Christian Hell and the Greek Underworld - 2265 Words

Since ancient civilizations people have been trying to explain what goes on after death. Throughout history, many cultures have had different theories about what happens. Two distinguished ideas of where people go after death are the underworld and Hell. The idea of the underworld came from the Greeks and Romans. A few famous works by the Greeks and Romans that talk about the underworld are The Iliad, The Aeneid, and, The Odyssey. A famous work that discusses Hell is Dantes Inferno. Hell is an accepted part of the Christianity religion and taught all over the world. The two beliefs are very similar but some distinct differences can be seen. The idea of the Christian Hell has evolved from older beliefs. Originally Jews believed all dead†¦show more content†¦(Catholic Encyclopedia) In ancient Greek beliefs people were also judged when they were down in the underworld. At the dividing road between Tartarus, a place of torture in the underworld and the Isles of the Blest, a place for the good in the underworld, there are the Plains of Judgment. Awaiting the souls in the Plain of Judgment are Aeacus, Minos, and Rhadamanthys. These dead men, judge who goes to Tartarus, who goes to the Isles of the Blest or back to the Asphodel Fields if they were neither good or evil. These men were all sons of Zeus who were rewarded as judges in the underworld by creating the first just laws on Earth. Aeacus was king of Aegina during mortal life and was also known for making decisions for Zeus. After his death he became keeper of the keys of Hades and the judge of men of Europe in the Underworld. Minos was the King of Crete, and Rhadamanthys was his brother. They both lived in Asia during their mortal lives. After his death, Rhadamanthys became lord of the Isles of the Blest, and judge of the men of Asia. After Minos died he gained the responsibility of having the final judgment. In The Odyssey, Odysseus says And now there came before my eyes Minos, the son of Zeus, enthroned, holding a golden staff, dealing out justice among ghostly pleaders arrayed about the broad doorways of Death.. (XI. 640) The Greeks believed Minos had a lot of power in the underworld. In Roman beliefs Rhadamanthus had control over the punishments peopleShow MoreRelatedDepictions of the Afterlife1060 Words   |  4 Pagesintrigues many. As Christians we believe that heaven is a place where believers go where life there will be a continuation of their present life, while hell is a place of judgment and punishment where many experience severe treatment. Direct experience is the only way individuals can experience these concepts, but once we obtain the experience it cannot be shared. This ultimately makes us want to know more leading many to visualize the afterlife. Starting with the ea rliest Greek Epics, such as TheRead MoreHades and the Odyssey1451 Words   |  6 Pagesregion called the underworld, which was inhabited by the â€Å"shades† or spirits of the dead. It was also home to dethroned or exiled deities who had been overthrown by Zeus and his allies. Hades and his brothers, Zeus and Poseidon, dethroned Kronos and the other Titans and then divided up earth among the three of them. Zeus reined the sky, Poseidon the sea and Hades ruled the underworld. The name â€Å"Hades† has been synonymously used for both the god of the underworld and the underworld itself. It is necessaryRead MoreThe Devil At The Dawn Of Christianity904 Words   |  4 Pagesbore little resemblance to the ruler of hell, the antichrist and agent of evil that he is known as in present day. Satan makes few overt or implied appearances in the Old Testament. 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NoRead MoreThe Afterlife Of Ancient Greece1955 Words   |  8 Pages The Afterlife of the Ancient Greeks A Classical-Styled Argument Katie Vokes ENGL17889GD Jennifer Chambers December 12, 2015 The Afterlife of Ancient Greece Where do we go when we die? This is a question that most people—spiritual or not—ask themselves at least once within their lifetime. In reality, this question is likely to never be answered, but is nevertheless an exciting area for study. Every culture, every religion and every individual person has some type of theoryRead MoreReligious And Political Conflicts In Dantes Inferno1637 Words   |  7 Pageswhich he imagines himself led by the poet Virgil through the descending levels of Hell. The Inferno marks the first section of this trilogy, and I believe Dante uses classical Greek and Biblical references in this work, specifically in Cantos III-V, to critique the 14th century Church. The Hellgate presents the first mythological object Dante encounters on his journey into Hell that parallels early 14th century Christian beliefs. Led by Virgil, Dante approaches the Hellgate, which prohibits â€Å"the miserableRead MoreWhy Is Humanities Important?3163 Words   |  13 Pageshe confesses his guilt as a sinner. She then acts as his guide, leading him into Paradise; against Dantes’ believes towards God. Charon, the Greek ferryman, brings the dead across a river, and the classical rivers associated with the dead (like the Styx) are in Inferno too. The person who judges you when you first enter Hell is King Minos, which is a Greek idea. It s in the Odyssey: I [Odysseys in Hades] saw Minos the son of Zeus holding a golden scepter and delving judgments among the dead. There

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay - 726 Words

Epidemiology At least 50% of all adults and children are exposed to a psychologically traumatic event (such as a life-threatening assault or accident, humanmade or natural disaster, or war). As many as 67% of trauma survivors experience lasting psychosocial impairment, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); panic, phobic, or generalized anxiety disorders; depression; or substance abuse.(Van der Kolk, et al, 1994) Symptoms of PTSD include persistent involuntary re-experiencing of traumatic distress, emotional numbing and detachment from other people, and hyperarousal (irritability, insomnia, fearfulness, nervous agitation). PTSD is linked to structural neurochemical changes in the central nervous system which may have a direct†¦show more content†¦They often were assigned very hazardous duty such as walking point, radio operator, medic, scout, tunnel rat, sentry or door gunner. Other people—spouses, children, family members, friends, or co-workers—often are more aware of the veterans emotional distress than he is himself.(Scurfeild, 1993) Many veterans are unable to leave behind the trauma of Vietnam and psychologically return home. They struggle with a variety of extremely severe problems that neither they nor their families, friends, or communities knew how to understand or cope with. Many of the following symptoms are found in adult sufferers of PTSD whether veterans of war or other forms of PTSD survivors. v Fears (such as of closed spaces, crowds, unfamiliar places, or sudden attack) v Anxiety (such as restlessness, obsessive worries, compulsive rituals) v Panic (such as a terror of losing control, suffocating, or going crazy) v Depression (such as hopelessness, loss of all interests, or suicidal impulses) v Rage, in the form of either intense violent emotions and violent actions v Irritability (such as feeling constantly annoyed, on edge, and critical) v Shame (such as feeling embarrassed, exposed, violated, or like a misfit) v Guilt (such as feeling others should have lived and he should have died, or feeling that he failed or made mistakes that had terribleShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1241 Words   |  5 Pages Stanley Health April 14, 2014 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stressed disorder is a mental illness caused by an enormous amount of anxiety felt after a traumatic or life-threatening accident or event. This event causes intense feelings of fear and helplessness. Studies have shown that about 5 to 6 million people suffer from PTSD. (Thomas ) About 30% of those people are war veterans. Most war veterans who have served for our country who have PTSD from the war are homeless. About

Telecommunication System Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Telecommunication System Engineering. Answer: System Engineering: Basics of the system engineering utilizes system thinking to organize whole knowledge. Some critical issues like requirements engineering, coordination among team members, logistics, testing, reliability, maintainability and many such disciplines are necessary for system design, development, and implementation [1]. System engineering defines work processes to optimize the methods. It provides risk management strategies and tools for projects. System engineering might overlap with human centered disciplines like manufacturing engineering, project management, industrial engineering, control engineering or software engineering. System engineering is not a manufacturing process, it is more likely a discovery process to deploy efficient methods. A manufacturing process is mainly focused on repetitive activities to achieve high quality products with minimum resources. Whereas system engineering process starts with discovering real problems which needs to be resolved and identifies impact o f failures to cause loss. System engineering helps to identify problem and then provides solutions for those problems. System Efficiency and Reliability: System efficiency and reliability are important aspects of any software system in the organization. Organization depends on these aspects for continuous delivery of the services. There are many effective ways to make this happen. These are: Clean data: Data is required for most of the applications. Insufficient and incorrect data will create trouble instead of generating outputs. Wrong data may result in wrong interpretation or wrong information. Clean data will give accurate and reliable results. Defines Processes: Software might have fixed processes which needs to be repeat for different purposes. Defining these processes according to the requirement of the system is required. All the process will not fir the system. These processes need to be modified whenever required[2]. Security: System security is most important concern for any organization. Communication over internet may be a risky affair for a content sensitive company. If company wants to keep its information confidential, it must secure the system with latest updates software or firewalls. Information access: Information should be easily accessible to the authorized users. It should not be a complex process to get any relevant information from the system. Maintenance and Adaptation: Regular maintenance of the system is required to repair any loss of system capability or information. It can be done through documentation or through automatic software checkers. Public Switched Telephone Network (pstn): PSTN is used to meet requirements of offices, organizations or individuals to transmit telephone messages all across country. It can also be provided international access. System will be provided interconnection of private networks and access to PSTN which will be according to present requirements. PSTN supports the data transmission, e-mail and messages to cross point switches when corresponding equipment is used at terminal [3]. PSTN is designed to enable two way voice communication. Enabling a connection between two points was as simple as placing a normal wire between the two points. Cost of this connection depended on the distance between the locations and the distance of end users from each other. With increase in distance, cost increases and accessibility decreases. Telephony network developed with the time and now more users can be connected through each other. Earlier only one user could be connected to a single user with the point-to-point connections over telephone network architecture. Network engineers developed a network to interconnect large number of devices by placing switching equipment at central locations. This was called Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It is focused on circuits used in network. It is a connection oriented system for delivering only one service which is voice. In this system, each network user require to set up a call-setup to both the points which needs to be connected. It reserves the resources along the path for two way communication. This allows the network operator to route and bill the calls by identifying every step of call path and it also manages the switching system network. PSTN arranges the network offices in hierarchical stages according to the function they perform and employ trunk lines between network switches. It can scale up the tele-communication network to accommodate many end users. By doing this, it can manage the traffic between switch offices depending on which switch needs to be connected. It identifies the traffic as local traffic, international traffic or long distance traffic. PSTN operates on a link to link basis. Each switch forwards the traffic in a hierarchy towards link or hop to nex t PSTN based on call setups [4]. Digital Microwave Radio Systems: Microwave transmission is information or energy transmission by electromagnetic waves. Wavelength of these waves is measure in centimeters. Range of wavelength is from 1 Gigahertz to 300Gigahertz. These waves are used for point to point communication. Small wavelength is used conveniently for small sized antennas to direct it in narrow beams which can easily be pointed out to receiving antenna. Therefore nearby microwaves can use same frequencies without interfering with other devices or communications. This is the problem with lower frequency radio waves. Another big advantage of this is that high frequency waves give band large information carrying capacity without distortion [6]. This has the bandwidth 30times of all other radio spectrums. But there is limitation too and which constraints it to line of sight propagation only. These waves cant be passed across the hills or mountains but lower frequency waves can be easily passed through these obstacles. Microwave transmission is mostly used for point to point communication on the plane surface of earth, in space radio communication or also in satellite communication. It is also used for radio navigations, radio astronomy, radars and sensory systems. There is a higher part of radio electromagnetic spectrum which is above 30 GHz and below 100GHz, these are called millimeter waves. These radio waves in this band limit can be highly attenuated by atmosphere and particles at earth.at wider frequency band, radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric molecular oxygen. Electronic technologies used in millimeter band are difficult to utilize than microwave band [7]. There are two types information transmission: One-way or two way transmission through communication satellite Terrestrial microwave telecommunication Digital Radio Transmitter Digital radio transmitter takes baseband waves and translates them into a waveform which can be effectively transmitted by channel. Before this transmission to radio frequency from baseband, waveform is digitized to gain the advantages of digital modulation. Coding is also used to efficiently use the available bandwidth by minimizing the interference and noise introduced by the channel. This coded signal is filtered and changed to analog waveform which is then converted to desired frequency transmission [8]. At last, RF signal is amplified after filtration and then transmitted from antenna. Digital Radio Receiver: It can be implemented in many ways with certain components in all receivers. It should be able to extract RF signal in presence of potential interference. There is a pre-selector filter which is most important part of the receiver. It attenuates signals which are out of band while receiving from antenna. Low noise amplifier is used to boost desired signals while ignoring noise of radio signal. A mixer is installed to down covert RF signal to intermediate frequency by collaborating local oscillator with RF signal. Unwanted components of the frequency are attenuated using IF filter. All the variations at the receiver are manifested by themselves at receiver. Microwave Link Design: Link design start with link budget analysis. Radio system has a gain which depends on radio design and used modulation. Gain at each antenna are supplementary to this gain. Higher gains are possible from large antennas. Free space loss is subtracted from system when radio signal travels over the air. Loss is higher with longer links. This energy can be absorbed by rain or other environmental factors. Rain can cause outage if sufficient energy is absorbed which cause receiver to lose the signal. Radio link engineering to accommodate these rain attenuated effects is based on global rain models. These models are derived from attenuation combined with meteorological observations. The resulted fade margins are calculated. Anything in this margin can be overcome by the radio signal, if margin exceeds then the link will go down. Path Profile: It is a graphical representation of path of the radio waves between two end point links. It determines height of antenna and its location at each link end. It tries to get link free of obstructions like hills and multipath reflections. Link endpoints should have unobstructed line of sight radio waves. Frequency of microwave is lower than visible light, because of this it behave differently in environmental conditions. It require more clear way than line of sight way to accommodate microwave signal characteristics. Electromagnetic waves do not travel on straight path. It spreads as it propagates. Individual signal does not travel at same velocity. A French scientist divided the wave paths in different zones according to their speed and phase of wave propagation. Sizes of these Fresnel zones vary according to radio signal frequency and path length [5]. Fresnel zone size increases with decrease in frequency and increase in path length. Radius of Fresnel zone is maximum when signal is at mid of path. Therefore, midpoint needs most clearance in path than any other point. Calculation of Free Space Loss (FSL): It is the expected attenuation in a signal while its travel away from transmitting device. Signal spread over larger distance while radiating from an antenna. Power density decreases with increasing area covered which deteriorates the radio signal. FSL = 32.44 + 20lgF + 20lgD F is frequency in MHz and D is distance between endpoints of link in Km. Fade Margin: It is the difference between receiver sensitivity threshold and un-faded receive signal. Every link should have enough fade margin to keep it secure from path fading which deteriorates radio signals. Fade margin works as an insurance against system outages. It is related to link availability which is calculated as percentage of time when link was functional. This percentage increases with increase in fade margin. A link will have fewer system outages with larger fade margins. Link which have no fade margin or little fade margin might experience interrupted outages because of path fading phenomena. Climate Conditions Affecting Path Fading: Path fading increases in worse climatic conditions like flat or humid environment, dry or rough location. Link in flat or humid areas need larger fade margin to achieve better link availability. Climatic conditions like maritime temperature, coastal or humid temperature, sub-tropic climate, high dry mountains climate should be taken into considerations while calculating link availability performance [9]. Cost and operations of the telecom system depends on the requirements of the company. Cost can be adjusted based on the quality requirements and the distance between communicating devices. Maintenance cost is negligible in this system, although installation cost can be very high depending on geographical and environmental conditions. Bibliography: [1] P. . Fontolliet, "Telecommunication system engineering," Signal Processing, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 107, Apr. 2011. [2 J. M. Griffiths, "Telecommunication system engineering," Electronics and Power, vol. 26, no. 9, p. 750, 2010. [3] H. J. Kim, "Suitability of IP telephony in the public switched telephone network (PSTN)," International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3956, 2007. [4] R. Frieden, "The mixed blessing of a Deregulatory Endpoint for the public switched telephone network," SSRN Electronic Journal, vol. 2, 2008. [5] M. C. S. Young and P. M. Grant, "Reduction of multipath propagation effects in microwave digital radio communication systems," Electronics Communications Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 4, 1990. [6] L. J. Stagg, "High-capacity digital microwave radio systems," IEE Journal on Microwaves, Optics and Acoustics, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, 2006. [7] K. Watanabe, S. Uwano, and H. Matsue, "Pre-interference canceller for digital microwave radio systems," Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications), vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 103114, Jun. 2005. [8] I. Flood and D. Bacon, "Towards more spectrally efficient frequency assignment for microwave fixed links," International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 147, 2006. [9] A. D. Sarma, M. V. S. N. Prasad, and B. Balakrishna, "Significance of rain induced Attenuation and Multipath in the design of digital microwave links," IETE Technical Review, vol. 12, no. 5-6, pp. 359373, Sep. 1995.

Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma Essay Example

Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma Essay MBA Program Summer Semester 2010 MGT506: Strategic Management School of Business United International University Dhaka Bangladesh 2010 Table of Content Topic Page 01. Historical Background03 02. Company profile03 03. Organizational Structure03 04. Market Scenario04 05. Business level Strategy Pursued05 06. Relationship between Business Level Strategy and Performance06 07. SWOT Analysis07 08. Possible Measures to Improve Performance08 Historical Background Beximco Pharma is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the Beximco Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. The firm started operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of Bayer AG of Germany and Upjohn Inc. of USA and now have grown to become nations one of the leading pharmaceutical companies, supplying more than 10% of countrys total medicine need. Today Beximco Pharma manufactures and markets its own `branded generics for almost all diseases from AIDS to cancer, from infection to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes for both national and international markets. Company Profile Beximco Pharma manufactures a range of dosage forms including tablets, capsules, dry syrup, powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, large volume intravenous fluids, metered dose inhalers etc. in several world-class manufacturing plants, ensuring high quality standards complying with the World Health Organization (WHO) approved current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They also contract manufacture for major international brands of leading multinational companies. Organizational Structure BPL is completely governed and maintained by a corporate body. The chief of the organization is the Chief Executive Officer and the total operation is divided into Marketing, Sales, Commercial, Manufacturing, Finance and Accounting, Product Planning, Business Research and Development, and MIS departments each supervised by a director. Directors of the departments report directly to the CEO. Bearing the demands of dynamic environment in mind BPL designed its organizational structure as highly adaptive and flexible. It is a Learning Organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt and change. In BPL employees are highly trained and empowered to handle diverse job activities and problems. They have minimal formalization with narrow span of control. The organizational members share information openly and collaborate on work activities. For internal communication, BPL follows a strictly formalized Intranet based electronic communication system as well as informal verbal communication. For external communication BPL uses both internet based electronic communication and an array of printed communication material. All the external communications are supervised, mostly by Director, Marketing and in some cases by Director, Sales. Market Scenario In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors which is contributing in the countrys economy. The national companies account for more than 65% of the pharmaceutical business in Bangladesh. Except Beximco Pharma other leading companies are Square Pharma, Incepta Pharmaceuticals. Navana Pharma Ltd. , Opsonin Chemical Industries Ltd. , Aventis Pharma Ltd. Etc. Among them Square Pharma is the market leader at this moment. BPL follows Square Pharma at the 2nd position. The analysis of the two company’s financial data shows that for the year 2007-2008 gross profit of BPL was 1,629,514,837(BDT) and Square Pharma was 3,401,781,806 (BDT) . There are a number of reasons why BPL could not beat Square Pharma for the first position. The most relevant of them are stated here. ? Fewer Markets Served: Square Pharma serves a larger market than BPL while BPL concentrates on market focus. For example, unlike Square Pharma BPL does not do business in the credit market. They only serve the premium market. ? Producing Injectables: Again BPL does not manufacture or market Injectables where this is a huge market. In contrast, Square Pharma has a range of 44 injectables and has sold 28,289,000 units in the year 2007-2008. ? Product Range: BPL has a fewer range of products than Square Pharma does. BPL manufactures only over 300 products in comparison to Square Pharma’s over 500 products. In international market the main competitors for pharmaceutical companies in our country are India and China. The challenge faced in open market competition is the scarcity and unavailability of raw materials in local market. So, companies in our country have to import these materials from abroad (India, China and a few countries from Europe) at high price. Besides, the privileges of being LDC as a result of the Patent Law will no longer be in effect after 2015. Business level Strategy Pursued Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company is acclaimed for its outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. Beximco Pharma is the pioneer in pharmaceutical export from Bangladesh and has received National Export Trophy (Gold), the highest national accolade for export, for record three times. Beximco Pharma has adopted several Business Level Strategies regarding growth and market focus with the view to achieving organizational goals. As Growth Strategy BPL have decided to enter into nine new international markets in Asia, Middle East, Pacific Islands, Africa and Central America and have registered 107 products in different markets. Besides, BPL signed a Long Term Arrangement with the Global Supply Division of UNICEF (Denmark) to supply 60,000 units CFC free metered dose inhaler product over a two year contract period. During the first quarter of 2008, BPL has entered into 3 new international markets- namely, Afghanistan, Kiribati and Solomon Islands. Their Short Term plan to build facility to manufacture Small Volume Parenterals (SVP), Opthalmic and Nebulizer Solutions has progressed as scheduled. They are planning to commence marketing of these products by first quarter of 2009. Their strategic strengths include strong recognition of brands, highly skilled work force and diversified business mix. Their two brands Neoceptin R (Ranitidine) and Napa (Paracetamol) are the top two selling brands in the Bangladesh Pharmaceutical market. Relationship between Business Level Strategy and Performance Beximco Pharma (BPL) is a leading edge pharmaceutical company is acclaimed for its outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. Its strategic strengths include strong recognition of brands, highly skilled work force and diversified business mix. Being a Learning Organization the core essence of Beximco Pharma is its entrepreneurial spirit in every sphere of its management. In this spirit, the tasks of each managerial function are carried out through Management by Objective approach. The recipient of three times `gold national export trophy, Beximco Pharma is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh. They are the only pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh received this highest national accolade for export, for record three times. They market their brands through their own professional sales and marketing teams in African, South Asian and other markets. The firm also supply products to renowned hospitals and institutions in many countries, including Raffles Hospital and K K Women Childrens Hospital in Singapore, MEDS and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya, Jinnah Hospital, Agha Khan Hospital and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital in Pakistan. Beximco Pharma is also an enlisted supplier of World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. Beximco Pharma has a strong market focus and is anticipating continued future growth by leveraging business capabilities and developing superior product brands and markets. In particular they are very interested in developing a strong export market in USA and Europe. To meet the future demand they have invested over US 50 million dollar to build a new state-of-the-art manufacturing plant, confirming to USFDA and UK MHRA standards. This new plant will also offer contract-manufacturing facility to leading pharmaceutical companies, especially from Europe and US. Business level strategies developed by BPL help them to earn competitive advantage through quality products, superior services, and outstanding customer relationship. Innovation strategies have been the key to their success both in product differentiation and in product promotion. BPL had been the first-mover to bring Marketing Approach rather than traditional Selling Approach in local pharmaceuticals industry. BPL also believes in Focus Strategy and concentrates on a particular segment of the market. They strive to retain existing customers as well as to attract new ones. BPL has developed unique customer service through their Unbiased Medical Service. BPL has also developed superior human resource for earning competitive advantage in the market. Swot Analysis Strength Employee Empowerment Capability to Bring Innovation product differentiation Outstanding Product Quality World Class Professional Service Weakness Insufficient Working Capital Not Operating in Low Cost Market. Opportunities Ability to Retain Growth market Focus In difficult Operating Situations Ability to Exploit Opportunities of Patent Law as an LDC in International Market. Threat Strong Competitors in Domestic International Market. Political Instability Government International Regulations. Rising Trend of Material Price Possible Measures to Improve Performance Any organization is deeply effected by its environment. The macro political and economic environment of our country is so full of uncertainty that the managers of business organizations of Bangladesh face very difficult challenges to cope with the ever changing situations. The biggest challenge for the managers in the pharmaceuticals industry is the competition. Bangladesh is now self dependent in the pharmaceuticals the political and economic instability there are other factors like international and domestic laws and regulations, rising trend of material price, high rate of inflation, obsolete technology, increased security problem, dire country image etc which effect the job of managers in our country most. Bangladesh can substantially increase pharmaceuticals export if the government extends support to local producers after this year when WTO rules on pharmaceuticals for developed and developing nations comes into effect. From the next year, the developing countries will lose their patent rights to sell products. The main challenge for Beximco Pharma is now to bring down production cost to offer medicines in the international market at a competitive price. For this, raw materials must be produced locally. Producing countries will lose their rights to sell pharmaceutical ingredients at current prices after 2004 due to the WTO rules. However, the least developed countries do not have to provide any patent protection for pharmaceuticals until 2016 as the WTO has extended the deadline only for them through Trips (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). In the changed scenario, prices of ingredients will increase significantly, so countries will certainly loss their export markets. At present Bangladesh imports 80 percent of total raw materials required for the industry. Of the requirement, 70 percent comes from India while the rest comes from China, England, Switzerland, Germany and Malaysia. Countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Uganda have a huge pharmaceuticals market for Bangladesh. At present, Bangladesh is exporting pharmaceutical products to over 50 countries of the world. The major markets for Bangladeshs pharmaceutical exports include Korea, Brazil, the Netherlands, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Yemen, USA, India, South Africa, Ukraine, Vietnam, Kenya, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia and Hong Kong. To be successful, relentless contribution and dedication of the organizations management is very much needed. To compete in international as well as in local market in adverse situation the managers work has become much more difficult in today’s ever changing business environment. Developing plans in a dynamic situation demands critical analysis of the situation and strict adhering to the core principal of the organization. As Beximco Pharma is decentralized organization and core values are cherished by everyone within the organization, operating in dynamic situation is easier than it seems. The pharmaceutical industry in this country is undoubtedly one of the most promising industries. However, the industry is not operating without any problems. This part of the report states the possible steps that could be taken to mitigate the gravity of the difficulties that threat the industry. As one of the leading pharmaceutical company Beximco Pharma also faces these problems that are bar to achieve organizational goals effectively. To sort out these problems here some suggestions are recommended. Coping with Instable Economic State: To cope with the ever changing economic environment, the management of BPL should always be watchful and should constantly analyze the organization’s overall environment. As a learning organization BPL should keep their practices of flexibility to encourage innovation for the times of much needed change. Again, as Government is going to pass a new version of law, involving the pharmaceutical industry Beximco Pharma should prepare their arrangements to cope with the coming changed business environment. Handling Competitions: Since, BPL’s business strategy is to focus on particular segments of the total market they should be operating with the view to becoming the market leader of those areas. In the mean time, they should look forward to grow their business as much as possible both in national and international market. Negotiating with the Government: In order to ensure more prospects in the import and export activities of raw materials Beximco needs to negotiate to adjust several business laws and regulations with the Government. Such approach can be proved as a benefit of the company. Market Diversification: After 2015, privileges as LCD regarding Patent Act will expire. So BPL must get ready to compete in a more challenging situation in the international market where, India will be the biggest contestant. BPL will have to concentrate on the Generic medicines that are the products that are produced in mass scale and marketed by several companies under different brand name, where the formulation of this product is almost same. Prices of the products are under this category are competitive. Bangladesh mainly concentrates on this category, as labor cost is one of the lowest in the world. Again, Beximco pharma can operate on off-patent products as after years of business the formulations of Patent Medicines are sold in the market so that others can go into mass production. Thus the company can take a better position by maximizing profit in an open market economical condition. Conclusion In recent highly competitive medicine manufacturing sector, streamlined operations and effective business relations are essential. To improve information exchange with its many partners, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. decided to introduce leading-edge supplier and customer relationship management capabilities.

Sociology Research Essay

Sociology Research Essay Sociology Research Essay Cassandra M Nagy- Palmieri I See Research December 13, 2014 This article is a report of new research which is established by doing a survey on both members of 430 couples in different regions of Turkey and vary between different ages as well. Level of education is associated with exposure to individualistic western values; therefore, it may inï ¬â€šuence measures associated with marriage. We know the type of the article by reading about the procedure that had done and the way they had done it, and also they included results and discussions that came after the survey was completed. The article is studying the married couple relationship in Turkey in both type of marriage, the traditional way and the couples who got married after a love story. The Turkish families are described by a high level of correlation and communication between marital pairs and families of origin. Usually, husbands are expected to be older and the one how dominate the household. Male power and masculinity stereotypy are dependable with both Islamic views and with the tr adition of Turkic cultures. .Educational level was positively related to men’s involvement to housework, women’s satisfaction with division of labor and frequency of women’s visits with friends, men’s and women’s level of feelings for spouse and it was negatively related to frequency of visits with relatives and enmeshment with families of origin. However, educational level was not signiï ¬ cantly correlated to number of conï ¬â€šicts between couples The results of the study revealed that family and couple-initiated marriages differed with respect to feelings for partner, married functioning, and feelings for families of origin. In general, couple-initiated marriages appeared to be associated with more positive spousal emotions, fewer conï ¬â€šicts, more equalitarian division of labor, and emotional distance from the families of origin. The results revealed also that the male in most cases was the one who make decision in the house especially when it comes to family and kids issues. This results was obtained by subtracting wife effectiveness from husband effectiveness when it comes to decisions making. But at the same time the found that there is no signiï ¬ cant effects connecting marriage style with respect to interaction frequency with diverse network areas. The tables in the article show numerically the results which explain the conclusion of the study. This article fits in the field of sociology because it is describing the culture and gender roles in Turkic families’ lives. It also shows the powerful effect of culture on the behavior of men and women regardless if the marriage was traditional or romantic. Also, it shows that

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Paleocene Epoch Although it didnt boast as wide an array of prehistoric mammals as the epochs that succeeded it, the Paleocene was notable for being the geologic stretch of time immediately following the extinction of the dinosaurswhich opened up vast ecological niches for surviving mammals, birds, reptiles and marine animals. The Paleocene was the first epoch of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), the other two being the Eocene (56-34 million years ago) and Oligocene (34-23 million years ago); all these periods and epochs were themselves part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and geography. The first few hundred years of the Paleocene epoch comprised the dark, frigid aftermath of the K/T Extinction, when an astronomical impact on the Yucatan peninsula raised enormous clouds of dust that obscured the sun worldwide. By the end of the Paleocene, however, the global climate had recovered, and was nearly as warm and muggy as it had been during the preceding Cretaceous period. The northern supercontinent of Laurasia had yet to completely break apart into North America and Eurasia, but the giant continent Gondwana in the south was already well on its way to separating into Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia. Terrestrial Life During the Paleocene Epoch Mammals. Contrary to popular belief, mammals didnt suddenly appear on the planet after the dinosaurs went extinct; small, mouselike mammals coexisted with dinosaurs as far back as the Triassic period (at least one mammalian genus, Cimexomys, actually straddled the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary). The mammals of the Paleocene epoch werent much larger than their predecessors, and only barely hinted at the forms they would later attain: for example, the distant elephant ancestor Phosphatherium only weighed about 100 pounds, and Plesidadapis was an extremely early, extremely small primate. Frustratingly, most mammals of the Paleocene epoch are known only by their teeth, rather than well-articulated fossils. Birds. If you were somehow transported back in time to the Paleocene epoch, you might be forgiven for concluding that birds, rather than mammals, were destined to inherit the earth. During the late Paleocene, the fearsome predator Gastornis (once known as Diatryma) terrorized the small mammals of Eurasia, while the very first terror birds, equipped with hatchet-like beaks, began to evolve in South America. Perhaps not surprisingly, these birds resembled small meat-eating dinosaurs, as they evolved to fill that suddenly vacant ecological niche. Reptiles. Paleontologists still arent sure why crocodiles managed to survive the K/T Extinction, while their closely related dinosaur brethren bit the dust. In any case, prehistoric crocodiles continued to flourish during the Paleocene epoch, as did snakesas evidenced by the truly enormous Titanoboa, which measured about 50 feet from head to tail and may have weighed more than a ton. Some turtles, too, attained giant sizes, as witness Titanoboas contemporary in the swamps of South America, the one-ton Carbonemys. Marine Life During the Paleocene Epoch Dinosaurs werent the only reptiles that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Mosasaurs, the fierce, sleek marine predators, also disappeared from the worlds oceans, along with the last straggling remnants of plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. Filling the niches vacated by these voracious reptilian predators were prehistoric sharks, which had existed for hundreds of millions of years but now had the room to evolve to truly impressive sizes. The teeth of the prehistoric shark Otodus, for example, are a common find in Paleocene and Eocene sediments. Plant Life During the Paleocene Epoch A huge number of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic, were destroyed in the K/T Extinction, victims of the enduring lack of sunlight (not only did these plants succumb to darkness, but so did the herbivorous animals that fed on the plants and the carnivorous animals that fed on the herbivorous animals). The Paleocene epoch witnessed the very first cactuses and palm trees, as well as a resurgence of ferns, which were no longer harassed by plant-munching dinosaurs. As in preceding epochs, much of the world was covered by thick, green jungles and forests, which thrived in the heat and humidity of the late Paleocene climate. Next: the Eocene Epoch

Air legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Air legislation - Essay Example The center of gravity of an aircraft is its central imaginary point where it would balance when suspended. This point is important because it helps to determine an aircraft’s elevator effectiveness and stability and has an effect on the aircraft’s performance. For a successful flight the center of gravity should always fall within the stated limits provided by the aircraft’s manufacturer. These limits are the stated lateral and longitudinal limits where the center of gravity an aircraft must be situated during flight and is indicated in the aircraft’s manual. A change in the aircraft’s forward center of gravity increases the stability and the aircraft behaves as if it is heavier. This makes the aircraft to resist movement to outside forces. With the forward movement of the center of gravity, the aircraft is heavier on the nose. Change of the center of gravity from its required forward limit makes the elevator to be unable to hold its nose up especia lly during takeoff, landing and power-off glides. Performance of the aircraft decreases with a forward center of gravity. This creates a greater downward power on the aircraft’s tail needed to maintain the level cruising flight. This makes the aircraft to soar at a greater angle of attack which leads to a higher indicated stall speed and a more drag. An aft change of the center of gravity decreases the aircraft’s stability because the aircraft becomes more unstable as the center of gravity moves to the aft. This is because the elevator has a short arm distance from the center of gravity and therefore it needs a more deflection to produce an equal result. Stall recovery is almost impossible as the aircraft’s tendency to pitch down has been reduced. Moving the center of gravity beyond the aft limit makes the stall and spin recovery difficult. Change of the aft center of

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company Law - Essay Example The specail committee has approved the payment of ?2 million as the consultation fees to Harry for effectively maneuvering acquisition of Durmstrang Ltd.At this juncture, we have to see the powers of such committees. If the main board has delegated the power to the committee to fix any amount as the consultation fees to any director without any ceiling, then the decision of such committee need not to be ratified by the main board. However , if the main board has not delegated the power to such a special committee to decide about any consultation fee to be paid to any director but only can make a recommendation to the main board and then, the main board has the final authority to accept or reject such a recommendation. In such scenario, as the main board has disapproved such payment, then the consultation fees paid to Harry has to be repaid to the company. However , it should be noted that taking Harry’s efforts in successfully handling such merger as it has added value to the company , it is suggested that Board should take into consideration before making any refusal to pay compensation as recommended by a special committee. ... y, is interested in a future business arrangement or transaction, he has the duty to divulge his extent and nature of his interest to other directors or to the Board2. S 177 also requires that the disclosure should be made to the company well before the start of such business arrangement or transaction3. Further, a director is expected that he is aware of the issues of which he ought to be known reasonably on such business transaction4. A director is bound to disclose his interest’s of another person also, if such other person’s interest tantamount to an indirect or a direct interest on the part of such director5. A director should divulge his interest when he ought practically conscious of the conflicting interest in any business transaction6. Further, the general rule as prescribed in s 175(1) restricts unauthorised clash of personal interest of directors with that of the company but not in duty to the company as decided in the case Bray v. Ford7 . In IDC v Cooley (19 72), it was held that Cooley was accountable only for not divulging a business opportunity when getting a sanction to pursue a new business, had the company itself might have seized the opportunity had it known previously8. In IDC v, Cooley case ,when a director who has received any information even in his private capacity but has only one capacity that it is in his capacity as director such information is being received . It was held in Bhullar v Bhullar9 that the infringement of duty emanates from the failure to exchange any relevant information to the company. The appellants were under an onus to divulge the necessary information to the company. (Mantysaari 2005:187). In Gardner v Parker10 , it was held that where the director had not divulged his interest in any business transaction, then such

Original Writing Essay Example for Free

Original Writing Essay I am the princess awaiting rescue in the quiet corner of the ballroom. I stand silently gathering dust in the shadows, grinning with gapped black and white teeth. The pungent odour of rising damp impregnates the air. Lonely and deserted by the warm affectionate hands I once knew and loved, shudders trace the length of my now slackened strings. I can still feel the faint, muffled trembling in my worn hammers of a serene piano concerto. I remain here reminiscing of times gone by; dreaming about rhapsodies of the great composers, sonatas with their heartbreaking refrains casting their sweet melodies out into the hearts of my listeners. I held the power to move people and touch their very souls. My waltzes floated dreamily like a single cloud in a clear blue sky drifting peacefully into the distance. I look back on my past at all the things I have experienced: my debut in the grand concert hall, the first time I felt the touch of his hands pounding passionately on my keys, I remember shaking with nerves as the critics watched and listened attentively, waiting for mistakes. We, my old friend and I, had travelled the length and breadth of the country together enchanting audiences with our music. Each week we would embark on another journey to take us to a new hall, each as grand as the last. The venues with their elegant, majestic decor were visited only by the noble and wealthy people in society. It felt fantastic to be associated with the upper class. They were women who could afford to wear the most opulent of gowns made with the finest silks, taffetas velvets and brocades; all of which were accompanied with stoles derived from the best pelts of fur that money could buy- the most popular of which being mink, ermine and fox. Their partners, of course, were dressed just as magnificently in their white tie evening suits. They looked somewhat like penguins in their expensive attire. I often wondered if it was the actual music they had come to listen to or just an excuse to show off their prosperity; the value of their wives jewellery alone could well have paid a kings ransom! How I miss the anticipation and the adulation that each concert brought; the scores of fans applauding and cheering for an encore for which we jumped at the chance! We would play for ages after the scheduled end of the show; this was my favourite part of the performance because we always made an unforgettable exit! We amazed crowds like this every night; they all loved us and our music. But, as the saying goes, all good things must come to an end. The popularity of such grand events began to dwindle; the new recordings brought the great concertos into ones front room. Peoples leisure time was spent in the comfort of their own homes and they much preferred to spend their evenings at the newly developed moving pictures. Then came the Great War. All the men were sent away to foreign lands to fight for their country. War, as they say, can be a great leveller; a rich man can be killed with a bullet just as easily as a poor man. Peoples priorities altered, it wasnt thought to be patriotic to flaunt ones wealth as had been done before. Nobody came to watch our shows: there was no one to escort the ladies, and they no longer felt the need to show their prosperity. Our shows were all cancelled. We were no longer needed; no longer wanted. It broke his heart knowing that we could no longer perform together. Not long afterwards, he went bankrupt. He lost everything: his house, his livelihood, his possessions; and me. I was devastated, how could I cope without him to love and comfort me? Who could be there for me? Most importantly, what would happen to him? I was so confused, my life had been turned upside down and I didnt know if Id manage. I knew he loved and cherished me, and the last thing he wanted to do was sell me, but he found himself in financial dire straits. He did what he had to do and I cant condemn him for that. Nobody said that life should be fair. As the day of the auction loomed the atmosphere in the house was fraught. Complete strangers rummaged ruthlessly through all that was dear to him. The workmen pulled apart his home and left nothing behind. They had no respect for his privacy or his dignity. All his worldly goods were auctioned to satisfy his creditors. The items were sold for a pittance. I was sold there and violently shoved inside a small white transit van. It was not quite the transport I had become accustomed to, but I didnt really have a choice in the matter. I made my final journey to where I am today; isolated here in the corner, being tortured by incompetent, untrained and inept hands, making a tuneless drone where once beautiful melodies had been played. I hope one day my prince will come rescue me from the depths of my despair; stuck here in this cold, damp dining room fully exposed to the gales blowing through the open window. I long for the caress of someone who truly understands my worth; and I can only hope that someone can appreciate me half as much as my friend did. I resign myself to the fact that I am no longer the youthful princess awaiting my prince, but a dowager condemned to a life of solitude. I now realise that life doesnt always go the way you plan. I will always miss him but losing him has made me appreciate all the happy times we spent together and all the fond memories we share. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

R.V. Keilty :: essays research papers

R. v. Keilty In the case R.v.Keilty the accused, Keilty, was charged and convicted of trafficking in narcotics. He then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada on the grounds that the trial judge erred in law. The facts in the case were not disputed but the actual definition of possession under section 2 of the Narcotic Control Act was the issue. The appellant never actually did sell the narcotics nor did he at anytime have possession. It is illogical to convict a person of possession when they don't actually have possession as defined in the Criminal Code. Therefore is it logical to convict a person of trafficking if there were no narcotics? Crown arguments The actual possession is irrelevant because section 2 of the Narcotic Control Act states that trafficking means: (a) to manufacture, sell, give, administer, transport, send, deliver, or distribute, or (b) offer to do anything referred to in paragraph (a) otherwise than under the authority of this Act or the regulation The appellant obviously offered to sell the narcotics to the officer and as in R.v.Mancuso he should be found guilty. Also the actual physical possession is not necessarily needed to be proven as was in R.v.Russo where the defendant was convicted of possession and trafficking even though he did not posses at any time the narcotics. In the case R.v.Piscopo it was demonstrated that an accused can be convicted upon circumstantial evidence. The accused can be convicted using all of the aforementioned cases. Another issue is that if this case becomes precedent it would open a "floodgate" or loophole in the law where other criminals may escape through. This would allow for more dangerous dealers of narcotics, who operate their business "long distance" to escape prosecution because they never actually had the narcotics in their possession. Appellant arguments A person should not be stigmatized by conviction for a criminal offense they did not actually commit.. The case R.v.Vallancourt illustrates the use of the "stigma" test. A person who is convicted of possession should not be also branded as a trafficker of narcotics also. Another principle brought to the court from the R.v.Vallancourt case is that a crime requires a minimal state of mental blameworthiness. This means that the person must bear a certain degree of moral fault for what he did. To convict the accused of trafficking in narcotics when everyone acknowledges that there were no narcotics would seem to violate this principle. Using the rational connection established in the R.v.Oakes it would appear as if the government of Canada is trying to reduce trafficking but if a person who did not posses or sell any narcotics is

Human Sexuality Essay

James and Mary experience an unsatisfactory sexual relationship due to James’ dysfunction of maintaining an erection half the time. James could be experiencing Performance Anxiety. Performance anxiety is the anxiety a man has when he thinks he is not getting an erection fast enough, or his erection is not firm enough, or does not seem to last long enough. Once a  man experiences even a single case of ED, he may continue a cycle of anxiety about repeated episodes of unsatisfactory erections. He will anticipate erectile problems, fixating on performance rather than the pleasurable aspects of sexual arousal. His ability to relax is hampered, increasing negative self-talk, and his perceptions of self-worth and partner are negative. James is getting frustrated and becoming uninterested in sex. He is also embarrassed about his problem. Mary is also frustrated with his dysfunction. Mary is the one who initiates intimacy but her husband does not respond like she wants him to. He has no desire for intimacy and can mostly keep an erection when he masturbates in the shower and so he avoids intimacy with his wife. He feels that his sexual relationship with his wife is hopeless and does not want to discuss the issue with her. The Dynamics of the Relationship The couple’s relationship is strained and there is no communication when it comes to talking about desires and intimacy. Their sexual relationship is distant and frustrating. James is not turned on by Mary and thinks he would be turned on more if Mary lost weight and wore lingerie. James evidently lacks knowledge about his sexuality. He avoids intimacy with his wife and his first encounter of having an erection was embarrassing and made him confused. Sexual dysfunction can lead to the development of other conditions are more likely to develop other conditions such as depression. People with other conditions such as cardiovascular disease are more likely to develop erectile dysfunction. Diagnostic Impressions A â€Å"multi-axial† system for assessment provides a comprehensive holistic diagnosis that includes a complete picture of not just acute symptoms but all of the factors that makes up mental health. The client in question is James who is having a problem with his sexual dysfunction issue. He was raised in a traditional white neighborhood in the south where his family that did not discuss any intimate subjects like sex, feelings or display affection. The World Association of Sexual Health states that dysfunction can lead to anxiety and effect self-esteem which James has. He is  embarrassed about not being able to have an erection or keep one during intimacy with his wife. Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle is a way in which to understand the process of sexual behavior. It includes both the physical as well as the emotional changes a person experiences during sexual involvement (Capella University). Areas of sexual dysfunction may include: erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation, and performance anxiety etc. The human sexual response cycle has four phases which include; excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. If there is a problem in one of these phases then sexual functioning is lacking. Sexual response is due to changes in ones’ mind and body. Psychologically there are erotic thoughts during arousal and there are changes in the body. Analysis and comparison of the sexual response cycle and the concept of sexual normality Professionals need to be able to discuss sexual functioning, sexual normality and dysfunction with the client. It is important to know about the sexual response cycle, sexual dysfunction problems, gender and cultural issues concerning sexuality. The sexual response cycle helps highlight where sexual dysfunction may occur. In contrast, sexual normality is also represented on this cycle as a positive validation of one’s anticipation which therefore crystallizes one’s experience leading to further positive anticipation (Sewell, 2005).The response cycle starts in the arousal or excitement phase but it would be most useful to consider a desire phase that goes before the arousal or the excitement phase. During the desire phase, physiological sexual arousal is not of primary importance. The sexual response cycle is characterized by physiological and psychological shifts. Psychologically, there is an increase in erotic thoughts (the specific content of which is highly individualized) and a heightened awareness of pleasure sensations from erogenous body zones. With increasing physiological arousal, there is a narrowing of attention such that focal cues are  processed intensely whereas non-focal cues are less likely than usual even to be noticed. Physically, the heart rate increases as well as respiration which also shallows blood flow to the extremities increases, and primary sex organs engorge with blood. Erectile dysfunction happens when there is not enough blood flows to the penis, preventing an erection. Erectile dysfunction, or ED, is the medical term for difficulties obtaining and keeping an erection. It is a sexual health problem that affects about 30 million men. Erectile disorder is common occurrence in men. Attitudes toward sex and performance anxiety are related McCabe (2005). Sexual dysfunction may lead to a lower sex drive to not wanting to have sex at all. Unsatisfied sexual experiences can lead to other various the relational psychological issues. One of the most common types of dysfunctions is low desire and arousal. This disrupts the sexual response cycle in the first two phases of desire and arousal. The client’s personality factors and psychological issues could also impact erectile functioning in a negative way. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can make it difficult to keep feelings of sexual desire and focus behavior enough to have satisfactory erections. Creation of three measurable goals for treatment Treatment for Erectile dysfunction must address all of the contributing factors such as the physical, psychological and social areas for the client. It also must be brought all together thoroughly and be intimacy-based. The first thing to do is discuss how to set goals by Setting a Goal– 1) decide on a goal you want to reach 2) decide on the steps you will need to take to get there and write them down, 3) take the first step, 4) take all the other steps, one at a time, 5) reward yourself when your goal is reach. If James is having no physical problems, he must address his psychological problems and social problems. He needs to use the goal of Identifying stressful situations by 1)tune in to your body’s stress signals, 2) ask yourself am I feeling stressed?, 3)ask what is making me feel this way?, 4) choose stress reducer or relaxation techniques Reducing performance anxiety can be done with Cognitive behavioral techniques along with the relaxation techniques and develop ment of a wider range of sexual activities beyond intercourse. Partners can help to identify and correct anxiety provoking  thought processes, such as all-or-nothing thinking. Moreover, the couple, rather than the man alone, can best redefine sexual activity. the therapist really promotes conditions that focus on relaxation, enjoying sensations that are more pleasurable thus eliminating anxiety and encouraging the man’s partner to relax. The second thing to address is his problem communicating with his wife. Expressing Affection is another goal James needs to work on by 1) decide if you have good feeling about the other person, 2) decide if you think the other person would like to know you feel this way, 3) Decide what to say, 4) choose a good time and place, 5) Tell the person in a friendly way. Due to James’ being upset and frustrated a goal must be set to reduce his frustration. The first Goal is to develop strategies to reduce symptoms and improve coping skills by 1- Learn 3 new ways of coping with routine stressors 3 out of 7 days, 2- Recognize and plan for three anxiety-provoking situations, 3) Report feeling more positive about self and abilities during therapy sessions Treatment can also consist of relapse prevention by having the couple optimize their sexual relationship with the exploration of erotic activities, techniques, and communications to strengthen the couple’s sexual relationship and prevent relapse or the development of other dysfunctions. Therapists should be aware that relapses can occur and as a normative part of treatment. Ethical and culturally-relevant approaches to treating any sexual issues Cultural competence is based upon respect, validation and openness towards someone with different social and cultural perceptions and expectations that are not your own. Culture helps us understand how others interpret their environment. It also shapes how people see their world and how they function in that world. By understanding culture service providers can avoid stereotyping and biases and focus on the positive characteristics of a particular group. Counselors must be able to assess the culturally diverse needs of the client utilize culturally sensitive and appropriate techniques and interventions based on the race, ethnicity and language. Also to identify resources that is available to eliminate barriers. Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes and a person’s sense of  identity based on those attractions and others who share those attractions A PA (2008). References: SEWELL, K. W. (2005). The Experience Cycle And The Sexual Response Cycle: Conceptualization And Application To Sexual Dysfunctions. Journal Of Constructivist Psychology, 18(1), 3-13. doi:10.1080/10720530590522973 McCabe, M. P. (2005). The Role Of Performance Anxiety In The Development And Maintenance Of Sexual Dysfunction In Men And Women. International Journal Of Stress Management, 12(4), 379-388. World Health Organization’s 2008 article †Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement,† pages 1–40. McCarthy, B. W., & Metz, M. E. (2008). The â€Å"Good-Enough Sex† model: a case illustration. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 23(3), 227-234. doi:10.1080/14681990802165919 http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation. American Psychological Association. (2008).

Antitrust: Cartel and Federal Trade Commission

The purpose of this paper is to discuss antitrust law with regard to federal regulations. In the form of a case study, this paper will examine the legal obstacles faced by the merger proposal between US Airways Group Inc. and American Airlines' parent corporation AMR. The focus of the paper is to examine the legal hurdles posed by antitrust laws used to block the merger and then briefly explore possible ethical issues associated with allowing US Airways Group Inc. and AMR to merge. Antitrust Laws There are three core federal antitrust laws in effect today in our US legal system.They are the Sherman Act, The Federal Trade Commission Act, and the Clayton Act (â€Å"Antitrust†, n. d. ). The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U. S. C.  § 1–7) is an antitrust law primarily aimed at prohibiting the formulation of monopolies by making them a felony offense. As the Sherman Act evolved the US Supreme Court decided that monopolies in and of themselves are not bad and do not automatically violate the Sherman Act. Instead, it is the particular actions taken to obtain or maintain monopolistic positioning that is illegal (â€Å"Sherman†, 2008).The Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U. S. C.  § 45: US Code – Section 45: Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission) has a primary duty of prohibiting actions within commerce that are deemed unfair to competition (â€Å"15 U. S. C.  § 45†, n. d. ). The Clayton Act (15 U. S. C. A.  § 12 et seq. [1914]) is an addition to the antitrust laws primarily used today to prohibit certain types of business practices making them illegal when their usage severely restricts competition and/or creates a monopoly.The practices specifically addressed in the Act are price discrimination, making it illegal to sale the same product to different people in the same market at different prices; tying and exclusive dealing contracts, making it illegal to forbid a shopper from shopping with competitors; corporate mergers, the acquisition of competing head to head companies by one company; and interlocking directorates, the members of which are common members on the boards of directors of competing companies (â€Å"Clayton act†, 2008).The Enforcers The federal antitrust laws are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. They both open up and conduct antitrust investigations. In situations involving the airline industry the Department of Justice has jurisdiction in matters pertaining to antitrust laws. There are other regulatory agencies that also must give approval before certain mergers can take place. In these instances The Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice provide support to the agencies. Individual states may also work in conjunction with the two federal agencies to enforce its state's antitrust laws.Additionally, the states can file antitrust lawsuits on behalf of it s citizens or the state. This is usually done through the state's attorney general office. Individuals and businesses can also initiate antitrust complaints and file suits to have the antitrust laws enforced (â€Å"The federal government†, n. d. ). Mergers Section 7 of the Clayton Act addresses the antitrust laws concerning mergers. Mergers are not inherently bad or illegal. So long as the merger doesn't cause a significant increase in prices, a serious reduction in quality of goods and services, and doesn't deter innovation.Mergers become a problem when they significantly lessen competition or lead to a monopoly. When head to head competitors propose a merger it will usually sets off antitrust alarm bells that most likely will lead to an investigation by one of the federal agencies (â€Å"Mergers†, n. d. ). External Obstacles In 2005, US Airways and AMR publically proposed a merger that was met with a great deal of resistance. The government has the responsibility to regulate mergers to ensure the merger doesn't violate antitrust laws.This merger had to be reviewed by several agencies such as the U.S. Justice Department, the U. S. Department of Transportation, the Air Transportation Stabilization Board, the Security and exchange commission, and U. S. Bankruptcy Courts. This was a very high profile merger proposal and it was met with a great deal of opposition (Cobb, et al. , 2006). The airline eventually won Department of Justice approval but had to agree to give up some airport slots to clear antitrust concerns. Both airlines agreed to the terms in order to keep the merger proposal alive (Majcher & Russell, 2013).Because of a Philadelphia to London route the proposed merger also had to gain some clearance by the European Commission. The airlines once again agreed to give up the route to alleviate any international anti-competitive effects (Knibb, 2013). Ethical Concerns The Department of Justice and six state attorneys-general together filed a suit against the merger arguing that the merger would lead to an increase in airfare, in fees, and also limit choices also the merger agreement will cost workers jobs as American Airline was forced to relinquish hub status at several airports.This merger really benefits the two airlines but leave hundreds of workers out of jobs and taxpayer subsidized airport infrastructure customizations will lose return on investments (â€Å"The airline mergers†, 2013). Higher airfares as a result of the merger would put the merger in violation of antitrust not only would it be illegal but it can also be considered unethical. Conclusion There are laws in place to protect consumers and businesses from anticompetitive behavior. They are called antitrust laws (â€Å"antitrust laws†, n. d. ).When US Airways and AMR announced their intention to merge into one company the merger deal was scrutinized by the Department of Justice and regulatory agencies to see if the merger violated any anti trust laws (Cobb, et al. , 2006). The two airlines were forced to agree to certain concessions in order to gain the approval of the federal government, regulatory agencies and courts (Majcher & Russell, 2013). This paper doesn't show any evidence that the merger was unethical however, many interested parties attempted to block the merger on the grounds that the merger would give the company an unfair advantage over rivals and passengers.

Farming in the bahamas Essays

Farming in the bahamas Essays Farming in the bahamas Paper Farming in the bahamas Paper There are two (2) main types of farming they are: Subsistence Farming the practice of self-sufficiency, In the way of the farmer, farming on a small scale, so that It Is enough for their own personal usage. The process of subsistence farming takes place when a piece of land Is cleared using the slash and burn method which Is to cut all greenery on the land down, dry It for a few days or so ,then burn it to ashes. SE the hoe to mix the solo with the ashes, you then supply water to the land and then start planting. Attend to the crops from time to time to maintain Its readiness. When the crop Is ready to be harvest, you pick It and tame It to Its specific needs. In order to do this you will need the following farming tools: A Hoe, A Cutlass, A Bucket or Buckets, A shovel. (II)Commercial Farming- The Practice of farming on a large scale of crops, fruits (banana vegetables (carrots, lettuce) and livestock (taming cows, pigs, chicken etc. ) and selling to make a profit. The process is carried out first by clearing a large piece of land with either a tractor r a bulldozer then the slash and burn method is used when the process of slash and burn is finished the land is cultivated into rows. The farmersFarmer attends to the crops to ensure that they are all healthy and supplies the crops with fertilizers. When the crops are ready to be harvested they are picked and carried usually by tractors or wheel barrows to a particular place normally in sheds or farm houses to be washed, cleaned, and waxed. They are then packed into boxes to be sent to packing houses. :

Benefits of Having a Car in College

Benefits of Having a Car in College There are seemingly a lot of benefits to having a car in college. After all, who wouldn’t want to have access to wheels whenever they choose? And while there are some important cons to consider, there are certainly several key pros as well. You Can Leave Campus If and When You Need a Break Whether it’s heading to a concert somewhere in town, going out to dinner with some friends, or even just being able to take someone on a date, having the ability to get away from campus whenever you wish is certainly a luxury. You Can Help Friends Out If your friends are moving, needing to transport something too big to fit on the bus, or just need a ride to the airport, having access to your own car allows you to help them if and when they ask. It can feel good to know you’re helping someone out in a pinch or even helping support a fun event for someone special, like a celebratory birthday night downtown. You Dont Have to Worry About Transportation Around the Holidays Getting home – even if it’s a day or two drive – can be done on your own terms. You won’t have to worry about expensive flights, delayed trains, long bus rides, or other transportation woes. You can more or less leave when you wish. Additionally, as the owner of the car, you can also coordinate something fun, like a road trip toward your hometown that lets you drop off friends in their hometowns along the way. You Can Plan Road Trips Speaking of road trips, you can provide transportation for some seriously memorable road trips over things like Presidents’ Weekend or Spring Break. Having access to and use of a car both ensures you’ll get to go and that you’ll have some say about the itinerary. You Can Get an Internship or Job Off Campus Without a car, of course, you can also work or have an internship off campus, but having your own transportation definitely makes the logistics easier. Having a car can therefore open some additional professional doors, whether it’s a part-time gig at a company you’d like to work for after you graduate or an internship at an interesting museum in town. You Can Save Money by Shopping Around True, having a car on campus might cost a bit extra, but you can also save money in other aspects of your college life. When you’re stuck on campus, you’re quite limited in terms of where you can buy items, like groceries or school-related supplies. With a car, however, you can make the long trip for items at discount clothing stores, cheaper food options (think: Costco or Walmart), and other less-expensive retailers. Sure, buying in the campus bookstore can be smart for several types of purchases, but overall you’re likely to find better deals elsewhere. You Can Be More Flexible With Your Family Needs ​If you often need to help out with a family business, help take care of an ill family member or provide childcare for your family, having a car can cut down on the time it takes for you to get back and forth. This simple time saver can therefore provide you with more time to focus on your studies instead of commuting back and forth. Overall, the choice of having a car with your during your time in school depends heavily on the specific factors relevant to your situation. As with most things during college, however, it’s best to make an informed, educated decision about which choice seems the smart way to go.

BUS499-MoD 4 (SLP) The Learning and Growth Perspective Essay

BUS499-MoD 4 (SLP) The Learning and Growth Perspective - Essay Example ll the social responsibility of the organization and will help the organization to build up a strong image among competitors (Lawrie and Cobbold, 2004). Improving the current work processes will positively affect the performance of employees and managers and improves the overall productivity of the organization. It will also reduce the possibility of mishap and confusion regarding the work assigned. . Standardization of processes will minimize the possibility of mistake and will ultimately result in cost and time effectiveness (Lipe and Salterio, 2000). This will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of whole staff as it will provide new ways towards the problem solving of employees. It will also increase customer loyalty and satisfaction. It will help the organization to stay update and competitive in the market (Northcott and Smith, 2011). The culture defines the organization; building of strong organizational culture will create a satisfactory working environment for employees and will work as motivational factor for employees to meet organization’s goals (Palladium, 2011). It will increase the overall performance of employees as motivation works as a driver to effectiveness of employee performance. It may include fringe benefits, appraisal, allowances etc (Tapinos, Dyson, and Meadows, 2011). This objective will increase the performance of employees and will make them efficient enough to better understand customer’s need and problem and will also allow them to cater the need in an effective manner (Tohidi, Jafari, and Afshar, 2010). Develop techniques to measure employee performance and activities such as undertaking monthly performance assessment activity which will provide the organization an insight to the performance of employees (Tseng, 2010). Learning and growth prospective of balanced score card has given the organization a platform to enhance its performance, with focus on employees and organizational culture it has provided the

Mental Health assignment SELF Collage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Health assignment SELF Collage - Essay Example This premise stems from what people say about me but also something is sure of about myself. Responsibility is precisely noted in the standard that I bring my children up, to become good and reliable children both at home and school. According to Balchin (2003) a young person’s dream becomes a vision in the future. For me, I wanted and desired to be a doctor, but my husband could not allow me to become one, instead I became an engineer. I have worked in the military company for 15 years and become loved and respected by all of the co-workers. When I went to U.S.A, I got a college where I pursued RN program but this did not work for me. I have also pursued a course in business and administration. I attained AA AS degree with honors. After some couple of years, I went back to school where am currently pursuing a nursing course. I am proud of my age of 50 years, having attained high education and that I can communicate with my third language. After my divorce, I decided to continue with studies due to end in 26th June. Although I did not pursue medicine I always do charity in areas that please me. My greatest weakness is that I cannot say no to anyone. To my children the lesson is the same. Among the most important things to me family is one. I have two wonderful children, one daughter named Meline and a son named Vahe. Coincidentally, they are pursuing the same course (law). They are very sharp in school, kind, obedient, reliable, and helpful. I always provide everything my children need without expecting anything in return to ensure that they become successful in life and happy of it. I always thank God for the two angels he gave to me. According to Wong, Hockenberry, & Wilson (2011) family should be the core origin of a man’s strength and motivation. My children are my motivation, they are my life and I accord them much love. Consistent love

Criminal Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Criminal Law - Case Study Example Alan has a paranoid personality and is prone to depression. Betty is Alan's girlfriend. She is having an affair with Clive and does not conceal this fact form Alan who feels demeaned and angry. Betty comes home form the pub one day and announces to Alan that she is going to leave him for Clive. She packs her bags and goes. Not knowing what to do, Alan picks up a hunting rifle and goes in search of Clive. He looks through the pub window and sees both Betty and Clive together. Whilst taking aim at Clive with the rifle, Dennis, an old friend from the pub, staggers over Alan and gives him a hard slap on the back. Alan stumbles whilst pulling the trigger and shoots a paraffin lamp on the bar. It ignites and the pub catches fire. The landlord of the pub, Ed, has piled crates in front of the fire exits so the only escape is through the narrow door. Clive dies in the fire and Betty collapses in an attempted escape. She is taken to the hospital but is diagnosed as being in a 'persistent veget ative state." She receives life support treatment. After one month, however, Doctor Fiona decides that Betty is unlikely to ever again consciousness and so authorizes the termination of life support. Benny dies two weeks after.In order to arrive answer to each of the questions, let us take first an overview on how criminal liability may be incurred in the commission of an offense in the United Kingdom and the available defences he can utilize to lessen or even negate his criminal liability. The Concept of Crime and Criminal Liability In almost all criminal laws, crime is defined as an act or omission in violation of an established law of the place where the crime was committed. Act refers to an overt movement of any part of the body, while omission refers to one's failure to act or to perform a lawful duty which he is obliged to do. In order for an act or omission to be considered as a crime, there must be a law punishing that act or requiring a person to perform such lawful duty. Such laws may be the common law that are utilized in the United Kingdom, or a statute, like the Modern Penal Code, which is passed by the legislature of countries like the United States. Crime is a generic term. It is used interchangeably with the term felony, violation or infraction by the criminal law of other countries. In the United Kingdom, an act or omission punishable by law is called as "offence." The violator may be termed as offender or defendant. A crime may be committed against a person like murder, against a property like theft, and against honor like defamation or intriguing against honor. When a person commits an offence, he is usually subjected to two liabilities. First is the civil liability which is the payment of the damages capable of pecuniary estimation in monetary form; and the second is the criminal liability which will subject the offender to life imprisonment, imprisonment for several years, or even death sentence, if found guilty. This research will only discuss that offences that can be committed against persons in the United Kingdom, the criminal liability the offender may incur, and the available defences he can utilize to lessen or even negate his criminal liability. Actus Reus and Mens Rea Under the English common law, criminal liability could only be incurred if two of its essential elements are present which are the actus reus and the mens rea. These essential requisites of criminal liability were based on the common law jurisdiction of the United Kingdom and are expressed in the Latin principle "actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea," which means "an act does not make a person guilty unless (his) mind is

Reflective Essay on Engineering Experience

Reflective Essay on Engineering Experience Introduction CE 3.1Â  It was during my second semester of Masters for Mechanical Engineering in UNSW, my father decided to lay the foundations of our new house back in Pakistan. I requested my father to refrain from hiring a contractor to install central air conditioner. The trigger being the fact that I had learnt fundamentals of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) during my Bachelors of Mechanical Engineering and I wanted to gain some more knowledge in my Masters degree, only to design my own HVAC system in my newly built house. I studied Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) in UNSW, Sydney in the same time and completed a project under Professor Dr. Chris Menictas. Background CE 3.2 The day is still vivid clear in my mind. I was in sixth grade when my father had to throw food in the bin as it went stale due to broken fridge. The technician came in to fix the black round box (later I learnt it was a compressor) I welcomed him with lots of annoying questions. He was patient enough to quench my thirst of questions and before leaving he handed me out a mini booklet which was nothing less than a wonderland. The book taught me about the essentials and importance of Refrigeration and how our life is predominantly dependent on it. The curiosity and drive to know more about it landed me in my Bachelors degree of Mechanical Engineering as the prospectus was full of the RAC (Refrigeration and Air Conditioning) course insights. Since then, I had never looked back and grew more confident to fit air conditioning system in my home. UNSW is rated amongst the top ranked universities around the globe. State of the art laboratories and updated softwares always give you an added advantage over your peers. Blessed enough to widen my engineering horizons in UNSW, I came across an RAC software named as CAMEL which trimmed my engineering skills in a positive way. I would sit in the laboratory and play with it for hours to pick up my game and I did very well as in the same course I was honored to head a project and perform heating and cooling load calculations of a newly constructed building composed of two floors divided into two zones upper zone , Z1 lower zone Z2. Nature of Project CE 3.3 This project included the calculation of heating and cooling load of two story building. The calculations were done manually and through famous load calculation software known as CAMEL. Furthermore, it also included different suggestions and techniques on how load reduction can be achieved in the apartment through variations in apartments structures. Objective of the Project CE 3.4 The overall objective of the project was to get real life experience related to load calculations of practical situations. Latent and sensible load had to be calculated including all the real-world possibilities and safety factors. In this project, the calculations of heating and cooling loads of a newly built building are performed. The building comprises of two floors. Ground floor has three sections and first floor has two sections. VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) units as air-conditioning were chosen for each level. Other than this, a couple of suggestions were made on reduction of load and increasing the air-conditioning capacity. Nature of My Particular Work Area CE 3.5 In this project, I was acting as the team lead role. I was responsible for several tasks of which some are listed below: I performed initial readings for the project I coordinated between my professor and team members. I was responsible for project planning and progress tracking. I calculated the loads of ground floor through manual calculation. I compared the manual results to the results of CAMEL software. I compiled the report and made technical presentation The way I implemented my project and people management strategies, led my team mates follow in the same footprints to lead their own projects. The chain reaction feed back of developing leaders came to me as a joy and I take pride in it. CE 3.6 Organizational Structure Personal Engineering Activity CE 3.7 First, I divided the project into four major parts and summoned a meeting of my other team members to designate their duties. I made a report on Primavera to set deadlines for the project. One partner was allocated the load calculation of first floor, one was assigned to do software simulations on CAMEL and last one had to make suggestions on how to decrease the load through changes in structures of home. I emailed all of this to my professor too. CE 3.8 To calculate the load manually, I had to use the manual DA-09 to get all the values related to the correction factors, transmission coefficients, absorptivity, reflectivity. My supervisor helped me in understanding how to use the manual. CAMEL was a new software for all of us. So, there were two lab sessions designed to familiarize ourselves with software. Supervisor helped us with all the basics of the software. To get good experience of using it I decided to arrange meetings of all group members so that we could sit together and learn as much as we could through the tutorials and knowledge of individuals. These meetings also helped to understand the manual DA-09, which was very important. As for the most of the calculations we had to get data from the manual. At weekends, every group member had to present the work done during the week. It helped in keeping the track of the progress. These informal meetings helped to keep the harmony and understanding among the group members. If someone was lagging, he was encouraged and helped if required. CE 3.9 I kicked off with the first tier which was research on internet and read books and discussed it with my professor. My major job was to calculate heating and cooling load of ground floor. I researched the major factors of heating a certain place. I made a complete list of them and started with calculations on each of these things. I also made a list of assumptions and the design parameters we already have from our professor. CE 3.10 The second most important task was to know the structure of ground floor. This was already provided to us by our professor. Below is the table which contains all the required data to calculate the loads of the ground floor. CE 3.11 Calculations followed next. The first calculation was of heat gain through each component of the room i.e. floor, roof, walls, windows, electric appliances, doors, glass walls etc. The basic formula used to calculate heat gain through glass windows is given below. Area * Q (w/m2) * correction = Heat gain Solar heat gain is represented by Q. And every glass window has its own correction factor. These values were taken from the manual DA-09. This formula was used for every glass component which was facing sunlight directly. Sample calculations for the glass on west and north are given below: Table 1: Solar heat gain through reference glass (w/m^2) Table 2: Solar characteristics and glass factors West: 2 * 0.9 * 1.2 * 470* 0.94/0.85= 1122.7 W (2 windows .9 x 1.2 m each 0.85 cooling coil efficiency) North: 2* 0.9 * 1.2 * 85 * 0.94/0.85=203.04 W The values of solar heat gain and correction factors were taken from the table 1 2 respectively. CE 3.12 The next part was to calculate solar and transmission gain through walls and roof. Now the equation for heat transfer through the wall is: Q = (Area) * (Equivalent Temperature Differences) * U Here, U represents transmission co-efficient and the value for transmission co-efficient for the material was taken from the manual. Sample calculations for the transmission gain through West, North and South walls are given below. Values for U and Equivalent temperature difference are taken from Table 3 4. Table 3: Equivalent temperature difference (C0) Table 4: Transmission coefficient U-masonry walls (W/m2C) West: 18.84 * 12.8 * 2.01 = 484.71 w North: 12.84 * 16.1 * 2.01 = 415.51 w South: 12.71 * 6.7 * 2.01 = 171.165 w Total Solar and transmission through walls is 1071.385 w CE 3.13 Transmission gain through partitions between different rooms on ground level, doors, glass walls, floor, ceilings were also calculated for correct estimation of the total load. Transmission coefficient for each surface was different due to their material and was taken directly from the manual. Area and temperature difference of each surface was calculated before calculating heat gain. CE 3.14Temperature of the car park was more than the temperature on the ground level so heat was to be transmitted through the floor. To calculate this, I simply calculated the temperature difference, transmission coefficient of the floor and area. For ceiling, because the temperature is the same on the both sides, so, there was no heat transmission through ceiling. CE 3.15 The next part is to calculate the internal heat due to people present in the room. Number of people, diversity factor and heat gain from people was used to calculate the sensible heat gain through people. I used the following equation for this. Q = no of people * diversity factor * heat gain from people It was assumed that the number of males and females were equal. Metabolic factor for the female is 0.85male. Diversity factor and heat gain from people were taken from the manual. CE 3.16 The next step was to calculate the heat from the light sources on the ground floor. Different assumptions were made on the area of ground floor that how much light intensity would be needed. Then based on this light intensity the heat from the lightening sources were calculated. The equation used for this purpose was. Q = Area (m2) * 20 (watt/m2) * diversity factor * storage load CE 3.17Now the next step was to calculate heat generated from different appliances in the room. We had to assume all the devices that can be present in a generic apartment. These include coffee maker, dishwashers, refrigerators and stuff like this. Manual was to take the value of heat gain for different appliances. A range of different appliances was included in the manual. Based on these things the load calculation was done. Similarly, calculations were made about the food being cooked in the kitchen. Safety factor of 5% was used while calculating the total sensible heat from all the sources to tackle any mistake while calculating the load CE 3.18 Internal load had two components; sensible, latent. After calculating total sensible heat, I calculated the total latent heat as well. Safety factor of 5% was used for the total latent heat. After the heat gain was calculated from different resources I had to add these values and calculate the end results. Below tables show the end results of these values. Zone 1 represents the ground floor. CE 3.19 After calculating the total heat gain in summers, all the calculations were repeated using the conditions for the winters and heat loss was calculated for all individual components. Which was in the added up to get the total heat loss in winters. Qs represents the heat gain in summers and Qw represents the heat loss in the winters. Table 5: Results for zone1 (sensible and latent heat) CE 3.21 Now next step was to compare the results of these with simulation results. Me and my colleague compared the results. There was a little bit of difference in the results. This was since CAMEL is advanced software and it accounts for every little thing. Manual calculations are very long process and there is always a little chance of error in it. CE 3.22 To suggest any structural changes in the building for the reduction of overall load, I added different features in the structure i.e. added shades on the windows, reduced the windows area, used different partition materials and wall thickness. I used the CAMEL simulation to see the effect of these changes. By changing some of these parameters I could reduce the load to some extent. Summary: CE 3.23 The day I completed this project I called my dad and asked him to send me blue prints of the house. I started comparing my experimental calculations with my house loads to procure optimum ventilation system components. After three weeks of hard work, I installed the system in my house. I think for me it was nothing less than pulling off a miracle. Starting off with the HVAC basics book, given by the technician to the HVAC course in my Bachelors, then earning a Masters degree and finally ending up designing my own HVAC system based on those heating and cooling calculations reference was nothing less than a dream come true. I really do feel proud of my efforts. So, I would like to conclude by saying that this project helped me achieve my goals to speak of which, as of now, I am on a video call with my dad back in Pakistan who is sitting in that comfy room.