The Christian Hell and the Greek Underworld - 2265 Words

Since ancient civilizations people have been trying to explain what goes on after death. Throughout history, many cultures have had different theories about what happens. Two distinguished ideas of where people go after death are the underworld and Hell. The idea of the underworld came from the Greeks and Romans. A few famous works by the Greeks and Romans that talk about the underworld are The Iliad, The Aeneid, and, The Odyssey. A famous work that discusses Hell is Dantes Inferno. Hell is an accepted part of the Christianity religion and taught all over the world. The two beliefs are very similar but some distinct differences can be seen. The idea of the Christian Hell has evolved from older beliefs. Originally Jews believed all dead†¦show more content†¦(Catholic Encyclopedia) In ancient Greek beliefs people were also judged when they were down in the underworld. At the dividing road between Tartarus, a place of torture in the underworld and the Isles of the Blest, a place for the good in the underworld, there are the Plains of Judgment. Awaiting the souls in the Plain of Judgment are Aeacus, Minos, and Rhadamanthys. These dead men, judge who goes to Tartarus, who goes to the Isles of the Blest or back to the Asphodel Fields if they were neither good or evil. These men were all sons of Zeus who were rewarded as judges in the underworld by creating the first just laws on Earth. Aeacus was king of Aegina during mortal life and was also known for making decisions for Zeus. After his death he became keeper of the keys of Hades and the judge of men of Europe in the Underworld. Minos was the King of Crete, and Rhadamanthys was his brother. They both lived in Asia during their mortal lives. After his death, Rhadamanthys became lord of the Isles of the Blest, and judge of the men of Asia. After Minos died he gained the responsibility of having the final judgment. In The Odyssey, Odysseus says And now there came before my eyes Minos, the son of Zeus, enthroned, holding a golden staff, dealing out justice among ghostly pleaders arrayed about the broad doorways of Death.. (XI. 640) The Greeks believed Minos had a lot of power in the underworld. In Roman beliefs Rhadamanthus had control over the punishments peopleShow MoreRelatedDepictions of the Afterlife1060 Words   |  4 Pagesintrigues many. As Christians we believe that heaven is a place where believers go where life there will be a continuation of their present life, while hell is a place of judgment and punishment where many experience severe treatment. Direct experience is the only way individuals can experience these concepts, but once we obtain the experience it cannot be shared. This ultimately makes us want to know more leading many to visualize the afterlife. Starting with the ea rliest Greek Epics, such as TheRead MoreHades and the Odyssey1451 Words   |  6 Pagesregion called the underworld, which was inhabited by the â€Å"shades† or spirits of the dead. It was also home to dethroned or exiled deities who had been overthrown by Zeus and his allies. Hades and his brothers, Zeus and Poseidon, dethroned Kronos and the other Titans and then divided up earth among the three of them. Zeus reined the sky, Poseidon the sea and Hades ruled the underworld. The name â€Å"Hades† has been synonymously used for both the god of the underworld and the underworld itself. It is necessaryRead MoreThe Devil At The Dawn Of Christianity904 Words   |  4 Pagesbore little resemblance to the ruler of hell, the antichrist and agent of evil that he is known as in present day. Satan makes few overt or implied appearances in the Old Testament. 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NoRead MoreThe Afterlife Of Ancient Greece1955 Words   |  8 Pages The Afterlife of the Ancient Greeks A Classical-Styled Argument Katie Vokes ENGL17889GD Jennifer Chambers December 12, 2015 The Afterlife of Ancient Greece Where do we go when we die? This is a question that most people—spiritual or not—ask themselves at least once within their lifetime. In reality, this question is likely to never be answered, but is nevertheless an exciting area for study. Every culture, every religion and every individual person has some type of theoryRead MoreReligious And Political Conflicts In Dantes Inferno1637 Words   |  7 Pageswhich he imagines himself led by the poet Virgil through the descending levels of Hell. The Inferno marks the first section of this trilogy, and I believe Dante uses classical Greek and Biblical references in this work, specifically in Cantos III-V, to critique the 14th century Church. The Hellgate presents the first mythological object Dante encounters on his journey into Hell that parallels early 14th century Christian beliefs. Led by Virgil, Dante approaches the Hellgate, which prohibits â€Å"the miserableRead MoreWhy Is Humanities Important?3163 Words   |  13 Pageshe confesses his guilt as a sinner. She then acts as his guide, leading him into Paradise; against Dantes’ believes towards God. Charon, the Greek ferryman, brings the dead across a river, and the classical rivers associated with the dead (like the Styx) are in Inferno too. The person who judges you when you first enter Hell is King Minos, which is a Greek idea. It s in the Odyssey: I [Odysseys in Hades] saw Minos the son of Zeus holding a golden scepter and delving judgments among the dead. There

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay - 726 Words

Epidemiology At least 50% of all adults and children are exposed to a psychologically traumatic event (such as a life-threatening assault or accident, humanmade or natural disaster, or war). As many as 67% of trauma survivors experience lasting psychosocial impairment, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); panic, phobic, or generalized anxiety disorders; depression; or substance abuse.(Van der Kolk, et al, 1994) Symptoms of PTSD include persistent involuntary re-experiencing of traumatic distress, emotional numbing and detachment from other people, and hyperarousal (irritability, insomnia, fearfulness, nervous agitation). PTSD is linked to structural neurochemical changes in the central nervous system which may have a direct†¦show more content†¦They often were assigned very hazardous duty such as walking point, radio operator, medic, scout, tunnel rat, sentry or door gunner. Other people—spouses, children, family members, friends, or co-workers—often are more aware of the veterans emotional distress than he is himself.(Scurfeild, 1993) Many veterans are unable to leave behind the trauma of Vietnam and psychologically return home. They struggle with a variety of extremely severe problems that neither they nor their families, friends, or communities knew how to understand or cope with. Many of the following symptoms are found in adult sufferers of PTSD whether veterans of war or other forms of PTSD survivors. v Fears (such as of closed spaces, crowds, unfamiliar places, or sudden attack) v Anxiety (such as restlessness, obsessive worries, compulsive rituals) v Panic (such as a terror of losing control, suffocating, or going crazy) v Depression (such as hopelessness, loss of all interests, or suicidal impulses) v Rage, in the form of either intense violent emotions and violent actions v Irritability (such as feeling constantly annoyed, on edge, and critical) v Shame (such as feeling embarrassed, exposed, violated, or like a misfit) v Guilt (such as feeling others should have lived and he should have died, or feeling that he failed or made mistakes that had terribleShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1241 Words   |  5 Pages Stanley Health April 14, 2014 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stressed disorder is a mental illness caused by an enormous amount of anxiety felt after a traumatic or life-threatening accident or event. This event causes intense feelings of fear and helplessness. Studies have shown that about 5 to 6 million people suffer from PTSD. (Thomas ) About 30% of those people are war veterans. Most war veterans who have served for our country who have PTSD from the war are homeless. About

Telecommunication System Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Telecommunication System Engineering. Answer: System Engineering: Basics of the system engineering utilizes system thinking to organize whole knowledge. Some critical issues like requirements engineering, coordination among team members, logistics, testing, reliability, maintainability and many such disciplines are necessary for system design, development, and implementation [1]. System engineering defines work processes to optimize the methods. It provides risk management strategies and tools for projects. System engineering might overlap with human centered disciplines like manufacturing engineering, project management, industrial engineering, control engineering or software engineering. System engineering is not a manufacturing process, it is more likely a discovery process to deploy efficient methods. A manufacturing process is mainly focused on repetitive activities to achieve high quality products with minimum resources. Whereas system engineering process starts with discovering real problems which needs to be resolved and identifies impact o f failures to cause loss. System engineering helps to identify problem and then provides solutions for those problems. System Efficiency and Reliability: System efficiency and reliability are important aspects of any software system in the organization. Organization depends on these aspects for continuous delivery of the services. There are many effective ways to make this happen. These are: Clean data: Data is required for most of the applications. Insufficient and incorrect data will create trouble instead of generating outputs. Wrong data may result in wrong interpretation or wrong information. Clean data will give accurate and reliable results. Defines Processes: Software might have fixed processes which needs to be repeat for different purposes. Defining these processes according to the requirement of the system is required. All the process will not fir the system. These processes need to be modified whenever required[2]. Security: System security is most important concern for any organization. Communication over internet may be a risky affair for a content sensitive company. If company wants to keep its information confidential, it must secure the system with latest updates software or firewalls. Information access: Information should be easily accessible to the authorized users. It should not be a complex process to get any relevant information from the system. Maintenance and Adaptation: Regular maintenance of the system is required to repair any loss of system capability or information. It can be done through documentation or through automatic software checkers. Public Switched Telephone Network (pstn): PSTN is used to meet requirements of offices, organizations or individuals to transmit telephone messages all across country. It can also be provided international access. System will be provided interconnection of private networks and access to PSTN which will be according to present requirements. PSTN supports the data transmission, e-mail and messages to cross point switches when corresponding equipment is used at terminal [3]. PSTN is designed to enable two way voice communication. Enabling a connection between two points was as simple as placing a normal wire between the two points. Cost of this connection depended on the distance between the locations and the distance of end users from each other. With increase in distance, cost increases and accessibility decreases. Telephony network developed with the time and now more users can be connected through each other. Earlier only one user could be connected to a single user with the point-to-point connections over telephone network architecture. Network engineers developed a network to interconnect large number of devices by placing switching equipment at central locations. This was called Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It is focused on circuits used in network. It is a connection oriented system for delivering only one service which is voice. In this system, each network user require to set up a call-setup to both the points which needs to be connected. It reserves the resources along the path for two way communication. This allows the network operator to route and bill the calls by identifying every step of call path and it also manages the switching system network. PSTN arranges the network offices in hierarchical stages according to the function they perform and employ trunk lines between network switches. It can scale up the tele-communication network to accommodate many end users. By doing this, it can manage the traffic between switch offices depending on which switch needs to be connected. It identifies the traffic as local traffic, international traffic or long distance traffic. PSTN operates on a link to link basis. Each switch forwards the traffic in a hierarchy towards link or hop to nex t PSTN based on call setups [4]. Digital Microwave Radio Systems: Microwave transmission is information or energy transmission by electromagnetic waves. Wavelength of these waves is measure in centimeters. Range of wavelength is from 1 Gigahertz to 300Gigahertz. These waves are used for point to point communication. Small wavelength is used conveniently for small sized antennas to direct it in narrow beams which can easily be pointed out to receiving antenna. Therefore nearby microwaves can use same frequencies without interfering with other devices or communications. This is the problem with lower frequency radio waves. Another big advantage of this is that high frequency waves give band large information carrying capacity without distortion [6]. This has the bandwidth 30times of all other radio spectrums. But there is limitation too and which constraints it to line of sight propagation only. These waves cant be passed across the hills or mountains but lower frequency waves can be easily passed through these obstacles. Microwave transmission is mostly used for point to point communication on the plane surface of earth, in space radio communication or also in satellite communication. It is also used for radio navigations, radio astronomy, radars and sensory systems. There is a higher part of radio electromagnetic spectrum which is above 30 GHz and below 100GHz, these are called millimeter waves. These radio waves in this band limit can be highly attenuated by atmosphere and particles at earth.at wider frequency band, radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric molecular oxygen. Electronic technologies used in millimeter band are difficult to utilize than microwave band [7]. There are two types information transmission: One-way or two way transmission through communication satellite Terrestrial microwave telecommunication Digital Radio Transmitter Digital radio transmitter takes baseband waves and translates them into a waveform which can be effectively transmitted by channel. Before this transmission to radio frequency from baseband, waveform is digitized to gain the advantages of digital modulation. Coding is also used to efficiently use the available bandwidth by minimizing the interference and noise introduced by the channel. This coded signal is filtered and changed to analog waveform which is then converted to desired frequency transmission [8]. At last, RF signal is amplified after filtration and then transmitted from antenna. Digital Radio Receiver: It can be implemented in many ways with certain components in all receivers. It should be able to extract RF signal in presence of potential interference. There is a pre-selector filter which is most important part of the receiver. It attenuates signals which are out of band while receiving from antenna. Low noise amplifier is used to boost desired signals while ignoring noise of radio signal. A mixer is installed to down covert RF signal to intermediate frequency by collaborating local oscillator with RF signal. Unwanted components of the frequency are attenuated using IF filter. All the variations at the receiver are manifested by themselves at receiver. Microwave Link Design: Link design start with link budget analysis. Radio system has a gain which depends on radio design and used modulation. Gain at each antenna are supplementary to this gain. Higher gains are possible from large antennas. Free space loss is subtracted from system when radio signal travels over the air. Loss is higher with longer links. This energy can be absorbed by rain or other environmental factors. Rain can cause outage if sufficient energy is absorbed which cause receiver to lose the signal. Radio link engineering to accommodate these rain attenuated effects is based on global rain models. These models are derived from attenuation combined with meteorological observations. The resulted fade margins are calculated. Anything in this margin can be overcome by the radio signal, if margin exceeds then the link will go down. Path Profile: It is a graphical representation of path of the radio waves between two end point links. It determines height of antenna and its location at each link end. It tries to get link free of obstructions like hills and multipath reflections. Link endpoints should have unobstructed line of sight radio waves. Frequency of microwave is lower than visible light, because of this it behave differently in environmental conditions. It require more clear way than line of sight way to accommodate microwave signal characteristics. Electromagnetic waves do not travel on straight path. It spreads as it propagates. Individual signal does not travel at same velocity. A French scientist divided the wave paths in different zones according to their speed and phase of wave propagation. Sizes of these Fresnel zones vary according to radio signal frequency and path length [5]. Fresnel zone size increases with decrease in frequency and increase in path length. Radius of Fresnel zone is maximum when signal is at mid of path. Therefore, midpoint needs most clearance in path than any other point. Calculation of Free Space Loss (FSL): It is the expected attenuation in a signal while its travel away from transmitting device. Signal spread over larger distance while radiating from an antenna. Power density decreases with increasing area covered which deteriorates the radio signal. FSL = 32.44 + 20lgF + 20lgD F is frequency in MHz and D is distance between endpoints of link in Km. Fade Margin: It is the difference between receiver sensitivity threshold and un-faded receive signal. Every link should have enough fade margin to keep it secure from path fading which deteriorates radio signals. Fade margin works as an insurance against system outages. It is related to link availability which is calculated as percentage of time when link was functional. This percentage increases with increase in fade margin. A link will have fewer system outages with larger fade margins. Link which have no fade margin or little fade margin might experience interrupted outages because of path fading phenomena. Climate Conditions Affecting Path Fading: Path fading increases in worse climatic conditions like flat or humid environment, dry or rough location. Link in flat or humid areas need larger fade margin to achieve better link availability. Climatic conditions like maritime temperature, coastal or humid temperature, sub-tropic climate, high dry mountains climate should be taken into considerations while calculating link availability performance [9]. Cost and operations of the telecom system depends on the requirements of the company. Cost can be adjusted based on the quality requirements and the distance between communicating devices. Maintenance cost is negligible in this system, although installation cost can be very high depending on geographical and environmental conditions. Bibliography: [1] P. . Fontolliet, "Telecommunication system engineering," Signal Processing, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 107, Apr. 2011. [2 J. M. Griffiths, "Telecommunication system engineering," Electronics and Power, vol. 26, no. 9, p. 750, 2010. [3] H. J. Kim, "Suitability of IP telephony in the public switched telephone network (PSTN)," International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3956, 2007. [4] R. Frieden, "The mixed blessing of a Deregulatory Endpoint for the public switched telephone network," SSRN Electronic Journal, vol. 2, 2008. [5] M. C. S. Young and P. M. Grant, "Reduction of multipath propagation effects in microwave digital radio communication systems," Electronics Communications Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 4, 1990. [6] L. J. Stagg, "High-capacity digital microwave radio systems," IEE Journal on Microwaves, Optics and Acoustics, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, 2006. [7] K. Watanabe, S. Uwano, and H. Matsue, "Pre-interference canceller for digital microwave radio systems," Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications), vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 103114, Jun. 2005. [8] I. Flood and D. Bacon, "Towards more spectrally efficient frequency assignment for microwave fixed links," International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 147, 2006. [9] A. D. Sarma, M. V. S. N. Prasad, and B. Balakrishna, "Significance of rain induced Attenuation and Multipath in the design of digital microwave links," IETE Technical Review, vol. 12, no. 5-6, pp. 359373, Sep. 1995.

Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma Essay Example

Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma Essay MBA Program Summer Semester 2010 MGT506: Strategic Management School of Business United International University Dhaka Bangladesh 2010 Table of Content Topic Page 01. Historical Background03 02. Company profile03 03. Organizational Structure03 04. Market Scenario04 05. Business level Strategy Pursued05 06. Relationship between Business Level Strategy and Performance06 07. SWOT Analysis07 08. Possible Measures to Improve Performance08 Historical Background Beximco Pharma is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the Beximco Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. The firm started operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of Bayer AG of Germany and Upjohn Inc. of USA and now have grown to become nations one of the leading pharmaceutical companies, supplying more than 10% of countrys total medicine need. Today Beximco Pharma manufactures and markets its own `branded generics for almost all diseases from AIDS to cancer, from infection to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes for both national and international markets. Company Profile Beximco Pharma manufactures a range of dosage forms including tablets, capsules, dry syrup, powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, large volume intravenous fluids, metered dose inhalers etc. in several world-class manufacturing plants, ensuring high quality standards complying with the World Health Organization (WHO) approved current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Company Analysis Beximco Pharma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They also contract manufacture for major international brands of leading multinational companies. Organizational Structure BPL is completely governed and maintained by a corporate body. The chief of the organization is the Chief Executive Officer and the total operation is divided into Marketing, Sales, Commercial, Manufacturing, Finance and Accounting, Product Planning, Business Research and Development, and MIS departments each supervised by a director. Directors of the departments report directly to the CEO. Bearing the demands of dynamic environment in mind BPL designed its organizational structure as highly adaptive and flexible. It is a Learning Organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt and change. In BPL employees are highly trained and empowered to handle diverse job activities and problems. They have minimal formalization with narrow span of control. The organizational members share information openly and collaborate on work activities. For internal communication, BPL follows a strictly formalized Intranet based electronic communication system as well as informal verbal communication. For external communication BPL uses both internet based electronic communication and an array of printed communication material. All the external communications are supervised, mostly by Director, Marketing and in some cases by Director, Sales. Market Scenario In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors which is contributing in the countrys economy. The national companies account for more than 65% of the pharmaceutical business in Bangladesh. Except Beximco Pharma other leading companies are Square Pharma, Incepta Pharmaceuticals. Navana Pharma Ltd. , Opsonin Chemical Industries Ltd. , Aventis Pharma Ltd. Etc. Among them Square Pharma is the market leader at this moment. BPL follows Square Pharma at the 2nd position. The analysis of the two company’s financial data shows that for the year 2007-2008 gross profit of BPL was 1,629,514,837(BDT) and Square Pharma was 3,401,781,806 (BDT) . There are a number of reasons why BPL could not beat Square Pharma for the first position. The most relevant of them are stated here. ? Fewer Markets Served: Square Pharma serves a larger market than BPL while BPL concentrates on market focus. For example, unlike Square Pharma BPL does not do business in the credit market. They only serve the premium market. ? Producing Injectables: Again BPL does not manufacture or market Injectables where this is a huge market. In contrast, Square Pharma has a range of 44 injectables and has sold 28,289,000 units in the year 2007-2008. ? Product Range: BPL has a fewer range of products than Square Pharma does. BPL manufactures only over 300 products in comparison to Square Pharma’s over 500 products. In international market the main competitors for pharmaceutical companies in our country are India and China. The challenge faced in open market competition is the scarcity and unavailability of raw materials in local market. So, companies in our country have to import these materials from abroad (India, China and a few countries from Europe) at high price. Besides, the privileges of being LDC as a result of the Patent Law will no longer be in effect after 2015. Business level Strategy Pursued Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company is acclaimed for its outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. Beximco Pharma is the pioneer in pharmaceutical export from Bangladesh and has received National Export Trophy (Gold), the highest national accolade for export, for record three times. Beximco Pharma has adopted several Business Level Strategies regarding growth and market focus with the view to achieving organizational goals. As Growth Strategy BPL have decided to enter into nine new international markets in Asia, Middle East, Pacific Islands, Africa and Central America and have registered 107 products in different markets. Besides, BPL signed a Long Term Arrangement with the Global Supply Division of UNICEF (Denmark) to supply 60,000 units CFC free metered dose inhaler product over a two year contract period. During the first quarter of 2008, BPL has entered into 3 new international markets- namely, Afghanistan, Kiribati and Solomon Islands. Their Short Term plan to build facility to manufacture Small Volume Parenterals (SVP), Opthalmic and Nebulizer Solutions has progressed as scheduled. They are planning to commence marketing of these products by first quarter of 2009. Their strategic strengths include strong recognition of brands, highly skilled work force and diversified business mix. Their two brands Neoceptin R (Ranitidine) and Napa (Paracetamol) are the top two selling brands in the Bangladesh Pharmaceutical market. Relationship between Business Level Strategy and Performance Beximco Pharma (BPL) is a leading edge pharmaceutical company is acclaimed for its outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding professional services. Its strategic strengths include strong recognition of brands, highly skilled work force and diversified business mix. Being a Learning Organization the core essence of Beximco Pharma is its entrepreneurial spirit in every sphere of its management. In this spirit, the tasks of each managerial function are carried out through Management by Objective approach. The recipient of three times `gold national export trophy, Beximco Pharma is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh. They are the only pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh received this highest national accolade for export, for record three times. They market their brands through their own professional sales and marketing teams in African, South Asian and other markets. The firm also supply products to renowned hospitals and institutions in many countries, including Raffles Hospital and K K Women Childrens Hospital in Singapore, MEDS and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya, Jinnah Hospital, Agha Khan Hospital and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital in Pakistan. Beximco Pharma is also an enlisted supplier of World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. Beximco Pharma has a strong market focus and is anticipating continued future growth by leveraging business capabilities and developing superior product brands and markets. In particular they are very interested in developing a strong export market in USA and Europe. To meet the future demand they have invested over US 50 million dollar to build a new state-of-the-art manufacturing plant, confirming to USFDA and UK MHRA standards. This new plant will also offer contract-manufacturing facility to leading pharmaceutical companies, especially from Europe and US. Business level strategies developed by BPL help them to earn competitive advantage through quality products, superior services, and outstanding customer relationship. Innovation strategies have been the key to their success both in product differentiation and in product promotion. BPL had been the first-mover to bring Marketing Approach rather than traditional Selling Approach in local pharmaceuticals industry. BPL also believes in Focus Strategy and concentrates on a particular segment of the market. They strive to retain existing customers as well as to attract new ones. BPL has developed unique customer service through their Unbiased Medical Service. BPL has also developed superior human resource for earning competitive advantage in the market. Swot Analysis Strength Employee Empowerment Capability to Bring Innovation product differentiation Outstanding Product Quality World Class Professional Service Weakness Insufficient Working Capital Not Operating in Low Cost Market. Opportunities Ability to Retain Growth market Focus In difficult Operating Situations Ability to Exploit Opportunities of Patent Law as an LDC in International Market. Threat Strong Competitors in Domestic International Market. Political Instability Government International Regulations. Rising Trend of Material Price Possible Measures to Improve Performance Any organization is deeply effected by its environment. The macro political and economic environment of our country is so full of uncertainty that the managers of business organizations of Bangladesh face very difficult challenges to cope with the ever changing situations. The biggest challenge for the managers in the pharmaceuticals industry is the competition. Bangladesh is now self dependent in the pharmaceuticals the political and economic instability there are other factors like international and domestic laws and regulations, rising trend of material price, high rate of inflation, obsolete technology, increased security problem, dire country image etc which effect the job of managers in our country most. Bangladesh can substantially increase pharmaceuticals export if the government extends support to local producers after this year when WTO rules on pharmaceuticals for developed and developing nations comes into effect. From the next year, the developing countries will lose their patent rights to sell products. The main challenge for Beximco Pharma is now to bring down production cost to offer medicines in the international market at a competitive price. For this, raw materials must be produced locally. Producing countries will lose their rights to sell pharmaceutical ingredients at current prices after 2004 due to the WTO rules. However, the least developed countries do not have to provide any patent protection for pharmaceuticals until 2016 as the WTO has extended the deadline only for them through Trips (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). In the changed scenario, prices of ingredients will increase significantly, so countries will certainly loss their export markets. At present Bangladesh imports 80 percent of total raw materials required for the industry. Of the requirement, 70 percent comes from India while the rest comes from China, England, Switzerland, Germany and Malaysia. Countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Uganda have a huge pharmaceuticals market for Bangladesh. At present, Bangladesh is exporting pharmaceutical products to over 50 countries of the world. The major markets for Bangladeshs pharmaceutical exports include Korea, Brazil, the Netherlands, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Yemen, USA, India, South Africa, Ukraine, Vietnam, Kenya, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia and Hong Kong. To be successful, relentless contribution and dedication of the organizations management is very much needed. To compete in international as well as in local market in adverse situation the managers work has become much more difficult in today’s ever changing business environment. Developing plans in a dynamic situation demands critical analysis of the situation and strict adhering to the core principal of the organization. As Beximco Pharma is decentralized organization and core values are cherished by everyone within the organization, operating in dynamic situation is easier than it seems. The pharmaceutical industry in this country is undoubtedly one of the most promising industries. However, the industry is not operating without any problems. This part of the report states the possible steps that could be taken to mitigate the gravity of the difficulties that threat the industry. As one of the leading pharmaceutical company Beximco Pharma also faces these problems that are bar to achieve organizational goals effectively. To sort out these problems here some suggestions are recommended. Coping with Instable Economic State: To cope with the ever changing economic environment, the management of BPL should always be watchful and should constantly analyze the organization’s overall environment. As a learning organization BPL should keep their practices of flexibility to encourage innovation for the times of much needed change. Again, as Government is going to pass a new version of law, involving the pharmaceutical industry Beximco Pharma should prepare their arrangements to cope with the coming changed business environment. Handling Competitions: Since, BPL’s business strategy is to focus on particular segments of the total market they should be operating with the view to becoming the market leader of those areas. In the mean time, they should look forward to grow their business as much as possible both in national and international market. Negotiating with the Government: In order to ensure more prospects in the import and export activities of raw materials Beximco needs to negotiate to adjust several business laws and regulations with the Government. Such approach can be proved as a benefit of the company. Market Diversification: After 2015, privileges as LCD regarding Patent Act will expire. So BPL must get ready to compete in a more challenging situation in the international market where, India will be the biggest contestant. BPL will have to concentrate on the Generic medicines that are the products that are produced in mass scale and marketed by several companies under different brand name, where the formulation of this product is almost same. Prices of the products are under this category are competitive. Bangladesh mainly concentrates on this category, as labor cost is one of the lowest in the world. Again, Beximco pharma can operate on off-patent products as after years of business the formulations of Patent Medicines are sold in the market so that others can go into mass production. Thus the company can take a better position by maximizing profit in an open market economical condition. Conclusion In recent highly competitive medicine manufacturing sector, streamlined operations and effective business relations are essential. To improve information exchange with its many partners, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. decided to introduce leading-edge supplier and customer relationship management capabilities.